スペインの住宅バブルと金融危機
El juego del crédito inmobiliario
'Crisis económica y cambios en el sistema financiero'. Este libro de Julio Rodríguez López, vocal del Consejo Superior de Estadística y expresidente del Banco Hipotecario de España, explica la estrecha relación existente entre la burbuja inmobiliaria y la crisis financiera y propone soluciones para superar sus efectos en España
julio rodríguez 2 FEB 2014 - 00:00 CET
The suit property loans
'Economic crisis and changes in the financial system'. This book by Julio Rodríguez López, member of the High Council of Statistics and president of the Mortgage Bank of Spain, explains the close relationship between the housing bubble and the financial crisis and proposes solutions to overcome its effects in Spain
Rodriguez July 2 FEB 2014 - 00:00 CET
CHAPTER 7
Reflections on a process not finished
The bursting of the housing bubble was basically started in 2008. At the origin of the bubble was relevant not only the remarkable expansion of property loans ( developer, builder and buyer) , but found a real engine in excess residential construction derived from an extended expectations of rising prices of housing and exaggerated security in the sale of new homes . The role of municipalities and autonomous regions was instrumental in promoting the expansion of construction land . Maximizing revenues of planning was the variable that drove the behavior of those territorial government .
A significant proportion of new loans originated in savings deposits in the wholesale markets , often obtained a maturity well below those loans to homebuyers were granted . Most credit expansion corresponded to the appropriations for developers and builders . The performance of Spanish credit institutions face a substantial funding as demand was similar to that of previous stages , in which the dimension of the housing stock of Spain was much lower than those during the expansion phase developed between 1997 and 2007 .
The financial crisis caused a severe credit crunch , which stopped short of housing demand and funding new promoter. The appearance of a large surplus of homes unsold new construction was an intense downward adjustment in new residential construction . Such behavior of housing construction resulted in a reduction of more than half a percentage point in the growth of the Spanish economy after 2007.
Savings banks accounted for portfolio risk housing
The declines in home prices were moderate until 2011. This evolution , in which the adjustment rested in the fall of new construction and not in the selling prices of homes , was derived from the behavior of credit institutions , implicitly permitted by the supervisory authority. Were accepted as payment in banks promoters of a large number of newly built homes unsold and large volumes of loan refinanced promoter .
Relative to the amount of provisions for problem loans to make rules so that bank results held artificially high to low was reinterpreted . Similarly he soon noted the significant increase was to take place in defaults on bank loans , especially those intended for property development. The bubble was the end of the " irresistible rise " of the savings since 1977. The concentration of bank risk in the real estate segment was higher in these institutions, it took two more years for banks to get out of the massive funding to the new promotion.
The bubble was an excessive concentration of risk in portfolios of assets linked to the housing market . This was facilitated by the lack concentration in banking regulation, frenasen instruments such rapid expansion. The banking supervision of the savings would be spread between the Bank of Spain and the regions did not provide decisive action or the supervisor nor the processes of consolidation among institutions located in different positions . Autonomy resisted to depart from its scope troubled institutions .
The performance of the Spanish monetary authorities between 2008 and 2011 was very slow and politically conditioned . Instruments were created whose role was modified during the crisis, such as the FROB and IBS . It was intended to solve the problems of financial institutions promoting mergers between entities often troubled . Since political power is defended insistence that taxpayers would not cover the cost of adjustment. The latter did not agree with what has been the standard practice in the banking crises in which public support, with or without refund of the amount contributed , have been instrumental in promoting the adjustment process .
There was no decisive action by the authorities to curb the situation
In 2012 , the new government with the new regulations provoked an abrupt downward adjustment of the balance sheet values of assets linked to real estate . The need for new regulations under the substantial contribution to Bankia / BFA led to a request for assistance from the Spanish Government to the Eurogroup . Help to capitalize the banks they needed more capital after stress test conducted by an independent consultant was granted. A management company asset SAREB , which acquired assets exceeding 50,000 million euros, while the FROB capitalized banks that received aid with proceeds of the loan amount Eurogroup was created.
In 2013 the situation has improved financial stability , but problems remain abundant . These include the sharp increase in defaults , the continuous reduction of the loans, the funding received by Spanish SMEs in worse shape than the rest of the eurozone. Numerous entities preferentially attend maturities emissions that drove the bubble , which does not help the new loans . The final out of the crisis of the financial system depends mainly on developments that follow the Spanish economy and the intensity present the possible recovery of the economy.
The financial system has evolved into a strong concentration in a small number of entities. The alternative banking will be a need will be felt more in terms stabilize the entire financial system . They will feel the absence of the boxes regarding both social work and the benefits to the economy contributed its extensive territorial presence .
The financial system should help to prevent a protracted slow growth followed by relapses take place in Spain . It would be difficult to accept that the normal state of the economy was a slight depression with brief spells of prosperity associated with bubbles and unsustainable credit volumes .
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