スペインの2013年末の公的債務は961'555'000'000ユーロ(9615億5500万ユーロ)で、国内総生産の94%で、この100年間で最高(最悪)に。
A quién le debe España un billón de euros
La crisis ha provocado que el endeudamiento público se coloque en su nivel más alto del último siglo. La banca local gana peso entre los acreedores del Estado
Amanda Mars Madrid 23 FEB 2014 - 01:00 CET
Who owes Spain a billion euros
The crisis has caused the public debt is put at its highest level of the last century. The local dealer wins weight between the state creditors
Amanda Mars Madrid 23 FEB 2014 - 01:00 CET
" There are 50 ways to leave your lover, and may have even more to lose the invested money : buy the Brooklyn Bridge ; bet the Cubs win the World Series , in 2013 or have invested in U.S. Treasury bonds 30 years , to name just a few examples. Since bridges and baseball are unlikely to be of great interest to them , talk rather how to prevent your investment end badly in 2014. " Bill Gross, so tore his monthly report for January is not a type known in Spanish bars or squares, coffee talks or hairdressers, but is one of the largest creditors of Spain . The company he founded , Pimco , the largest bond manager in the world, is one of the most moving agents Quote Spanish bond market , one of the funds that have embodied the much-worn ROI foreign debt .
Spain was 961.555 million euros at the end of 2013 , adding emissions Treasury , debts and other liabilities of the general government . Equivalent to 94 % of GDP , the highest level the last 100 years , the stroke of trillion. Passive volume has doubled with the crisis. In the past two years , has soared by 230,000 million , about 24 percent of GDP .
Besides Gross , who owes money Spain ? You can not know the portfolio of loaned capital of each institution, because not all necessarily have to communicate their global positions , even if he had to look for the largest single lender would probably have to call the Social Security: more than 90 % of its reserve fund is placed in public liability and in the final stretch of the year was around 60,000 million.
But it was the European Central Bank (ECB ), with its bond-buying program in 2011 , the Spanish banking - driven precisely by the ECB financing , and reconciliation with international investors who have made possible the increase in debt . The crisis has changed the distribution of the pie : in relative terms, the bank has increased its weight in the total number of holders of bonds and treasury bills maturity ( ie excluding repos or repurchase simultaneous ) 30% the total in 2008 to 35 % last November, the latest figure available . However , it has started to fall in recent months . At the end of 2012 and hit his record meant 36.4 %. In contrast, although foreign investment broke his record in absolute figures on the same dates ( with 261.292 million portfolio to maturity) , their relative weight has shrunk from 45% of the total in 2008 to 38.6 % today.
Spain has increased its borrowing 24 points since 2011
"The more debt you have, the more credit you have, the less creditors have less support you expect ." This is one of the axioms that Balzac collected in a humorous little book titled The art of paying their debts ( without spending a penny ) . One problem is that Spain has lost some of them: the private sector saves little and also has always prevailed real estate. " That makes us very dependent on foreign investment , which leaves us at the mercy of the financial turmoil , and our banks. But when you consider that these entities are funded by the industry , our external dependence is actually much higher , "says Javier Andrés , Professor of Economic Analysis at the University of Valencia.
Individuals have a total of 4.858 million euros in government debt at maturity , compared to the more than 6,200 who came to own in 2008. Your portfolio represents only 0.72% of total debt issued by the Treasury, as before the crisis had almost 2% . Spanish non-financial firms , however , accumulated 15.972 million , only 2.36% of the total, similar to 2008 levels , while in the registered portfolio ( which includes the repos) , has contracted its participation 8 % to 3% in December.
" The external factor is what gives you the volatility in Spain because the inputs and outputs are produced [ while domestic investment is more stable ] , although in the case of Germany, for example , foreign investment played backwards , is countercyclical when are wrongly made , German bonds are a shelter , "said economist Jose Carlos Diez.
Nicola Mai , vice president and portfolio manager at Pimco , says that improving past 18 months , where bond yields have dropped significantly, due to both internal efforts as eurozone . "The government has implemented reforms that have helped the country to regain competitiveness and put the current account balance in positive territory, from a deficit that was 10% in 2008 ," says Mai , while the involvement of the ECB liquidity and promises of support " keys have been found to contain the crisis."
Banks have turned to bonds driven by cheap money
The flight of investment from emerging markets has also benefited assets in southern Europe . Pimco , however , makes it clear that Spain remains a framed portfolio risk and preferred securities of maturities of short-term investment. "The growth and policy challenges mean that we remain cautious in the medium term and see the sovereign exposure to Spain as a source of credit risk ," says Mai. Even so , the fund admits the situation has evolved well on reforms and hoped the revival , which manifests " debt holdings comfortable with relatively short maturities ."
Another factor that has driven the markets is that the worst of the crisis, many insurers left the Spanish paper in search of shelter and minimal risk - equivalent yield also: low , sometimes nonexistent need to rebuild capital gains. "Insurers and pension funds may take two or three years by reducing the remuneration of its pensioners by high volatility , because they are very conservative , but can not do so for much longer . To avoid losing money in six or nine years need an average yield of 3.25% and return to the market to recover what was lost , "a manager who prefers to remain anonymous London . " Blackrock, JPMorgan , Fidelity , Pimco, Carmignac ... if you think about all the great , is not wrong to calculate who have been investing ," adds another manager .
In Spain , foreign investment began to recover from the summer of 2012 , when the ECB made it clear that it would take all necessary measures to defend the euro and stopped speculation measures . Furthermore, the improvement of major economic indicators and increased risk appetite have placed the role of Spain and Italy as a fashion item . The higher the demand , the lower the profitability that investors are satisfied , so the 10-year bond , the main reference , were paid this week to 3.54% , the lowest level of prosperity from 2006 , compared 5.3% that these same titles had to pay only a year ago . The comparison is most striking in the titles of two years , the return of 0.78 % , is the lowest of all the stages of the euro and is light years ahead of the 6.5% that the same active even paid in damn summer of 2012, in which Spain had to ask the European bailout for banks .
The eagerness of the Spanish banks for the bonds is explained by an irresistible financial operation , the carry trade , which is to achieve virtually free money from the ECB ( with near zero interest) for placement in Treasury debt (which now trades at 3 5% to 10 years, but was on the 4% most of 2013) and pocket the difference . Brussels drew attention to the sector by the central bank spurs buying bonds prevailed against the granting of credit.
Most management still sees Spain as a source of credit risk
The portfolio of government debt of Spanish banks to close 2011 stood at just over 201,000 million , while last June reached a record high of 263.000 million, although finished the year with a decline of nearly 30,000 million. It was 9% of its assets in October 2013 , still below the 11% that was before the euro , in late 1998 , according to data from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF).
The romance of Spanish banks with debt slowed in the final stretch of the year by the doubts generated their assessment towards future stress tests of banks . The IMF warned this week , in fact, this high exposure . The BBVA , for example, had 32,500 million euros in Spanish titles in June 2013 , while six months later had retreated to the 29,600 , with criteria of the European Banking Authority ( EBA).
But overall , adding the bonds and loans with the administrations of the two largest banks , Santander and BBVA Spain - I accumulated a public debt of more than 90,000 million , 10% of the total. The ECB also has a juicy portion of the liability , 38.800 million , resulting from the bond purchase program conducted mainly in 2011, according to accounts published this week.
The return of international money comes mostly from UK
and the U.S.
The ECB bonds and bills are part of that whole section of non-resident investors published by the Treasury. Since 2011 the Treasury does not disaggregate the country distribution of holdings of foreign debt. But no details of the latest syndicated issue , held last January 22 and served to place 10.000 billion in 10-year bonds with a record demand of almost 40,000 million available. Six of every 10 euros were invested by foreign institutions and most outside the eurozone : UK 29% , U.S. 8% , and the Scandinavian countries with 6% .
In general , beyond the syndicated , "we know that Japanese investors have returned to a small extent and is reinforced as confirmation that raises the credit rating of Spain " , market sources suggest . Indeed , on Friday, Moody's upgraded the rating of Spain for the first time since 2010 . The Spanish economy has managed to put out kick GDP and cut its budget deficit , but the ratings of the rating agencies in the country are just a step away from junk status , Moody's safe , which has two steps. And this, regardless of improved image abroad , means that many funds or insurers simply by its own regulations , are prohibited from investing in this asset class .
Moody's placed the Spanish debt to junk status two steps instead of one
In this sense, other market sources point out that " while the Anglo-Saxon investors have returned to their positions in sovereign debt, other European , German , or French , they have not done." No information of Chinese sovereign funds , which itself a couple of years ago were attributed entries .
Joseph Di Census , fixed income manager Blackrock, confirmed that the group has " a favorable investment position in Spanish bonds is moderately overweight in some portfolios ." To Blakcrock , which could truncate this placidity is "a sudden reversal in the trade balance , either by slowing exports or increased imports. Another risk is reform fatigue in terms of fiscal and structural measures. "
But there is much more which does not depend on internal policies and may obscure the progress of the public debt markets . Improving indicators, cuts, as transported to and reforms, but , above all, the support of the ECB paid forecasting that the Spanish bond will resulting desired markets throughout 2014, " What will happen to this types of investors if the economy recovers and German debt is put at 3% ? Well, stop buying Spanish debt and the German prevail . But while rates remain so low, within Europe , can only buy Spain and Italy, " strategist ditch London.
A difficult burden of reducing
The government already has assumed that the Spanish public debt will continue to grow to over 2015 this symbolic barrier of 100 % of gross domestic product ( GDP). Volume size implies that whatever is saved by the lower interest rates that investors demand to Treasury evaporated by increasing the total burden in absolute terms. This year has been budgeted to pay interest 36.662 million , 10% more than what was executed in 2013 , despite improved markets.
A London manager explains that " with low coupons ( profitability) of the bonds , the ballast can be supported , the problem is that when you do not know is a shock to the markets."
"The current situation is unsustainable. The Spanish public debt has increased 22.9 percentage points of GDP between December 2011 and September 2013. Public spending continues to grow, to 48.3% of GDP in September 2013. And the national debt on bank balance sheets is placed close to 300,000 million , 10 % of assets. Only the ECB gets in the evil circle between sovereign solvency . " This is what economist David Taguas , died Thursday , wrote in his latest article published in this newspaper on 10 February.
Today poy today , in general, no one expects Spain need the help of its European partners to reduce this rate but precisely because any jolt in interest rates can be put back to the Spanish solvency in trouble. "There are countries that have a greater than 100% of GDP , Italy debt, for example, or Belgium, but Spain can not keep because GDP fluctuations in the crisis are very sharp , and the liability grows much so this margin is necessary . If the crisis had not started with debt at 36% , where would we be now? " Javier Andrés , professor at the University of Valencia wonders .
The reduction of debt in Spain do not have economic growth as ally, forecasts point to a rate close to 1 % in 2014 - and low inflation is a job , as the debt ratio measured in nominal terms of nominal GDP . "In addition to the efforts of fiscal consolidation pure and simple , with a little more inflation than we have now it would be easier , would be a great help if the ECB would allow ," Andrew added .
Spain , still is far from countries like Greece, whose indebtedness has itself led to a remission of debt. "The level is high but not excessive , the main thing is to make sure the primary surplus ( that the public accounts closed are surplus before interest payments) ," said Jose Luis Martinez Campuzano, for what is necessary to continue with the adjustment of public spending .
Nicola Mai, Pimco , abounds in it , " is key to complete the necessary fiscal adjustment and reform efforts and for this to be successful , needs to be helped Spain at European level by expansionary monetary policy, which prevents the country from in a situation of deflation. "
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