EL PAIS
西アフリカからヨーロッパへの密入国の旅の最後の街、モロッコのtanger タンジール
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Miseria y violencia, este es el drama que se vive en la frontera que vigila Marruecos
Aunque la mayoría de inmigrantes subsaharianos llega a Europa en avión, el resto, tras largo periplo, alcanza la frontera marroquí y se debate entre saltar la valla o cruzar el estrecho en barca
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Fotogalería: Un intento de salto de madrugada
Luis Gómez / Marcos Moreno 17 ENE 2014 - 19:09 CET
Last season Tangier
Poverty and violence, this is the drama that lives in the border that monitors Morocco
Although most African immigrants coming to Europe by plane, the rest after long journey reaches the Moroccan border and is torn between the fence or cross the narrow boat
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Gallery: An attempt to break dawn
Luis Gomez / Marcos Moreno 17 ENE 2014 - 19:09 CET
Hundreds of immigrants exalted march with the hot body of the young Cédrick Bete , a Cameroonian of 16 who just dropped a fourth floor in the modern district of Boukhalef (Tangier ) , in the middle of a raid. His violent and unexpected death has ignited tempers . The impromptu demonstration is heading towards a large group of riot police do not know how to handle it . Suddenly happening than anyone expected : protesters throw the dead on the agents , giving several steps back in fear . It's a brutal response. It is the language of the border : more violent the more it approaches Europe.
Tangier is part of the southern border of Europe. It is an understatement . A new way to call a spade by another name, in the same way that Morocco does the job that Europe does not want to do. Europe washes his hands and pays others to the stain . The Spanish Interior Ministry celebrates drop in stats entries immigrants. The balance of 2013 reflected a decrease of 31%. A clean hit. Flawless statistics, no deaths , no injuries or missing. No human cost. The minister recognizes the extraordinary collaboration of the Moroccan authorities. Morocco offers an advantage : no statistics . Or, if they have , are for domestic consumption. And unreliable. By European standards , the young Cedrick not exist. But died on the way from Spain, just fell in Tangier .
Tangier is the closest to Europe rather than a sub-Saharan is on its way to the first world, a vibrant city , wearing Western-looking modern avenues , endowed with an impressive macropuerto , new residential areas and business centers , many of them built by Spanish construction fleeing prick the bubble. One area of expansion is Boukhalef district , close to the international airport, wide streets (although half finished in some cases) , gleaming white buildings converted into social housing copies , many of them paid with savings Moroccan emigrants . Homes that do not exceed five floors to prevent legislation requiring an elevator . According to unofficial estimates, of the 2,000 homes, several hundred have become patera , in return for a rent, other directly occupied homes . So Boukhalef has become a phenomenon that Moroccan authorities had not provided a multicultural neighborhood where thousands of citizens of a shockingly low average age live .
For a European , stroll Boukhalef is a refreshing experience. No elderly. No adults. The streets are a parade of young fast walk, a self-absorbed , others chatting , laughing , playing. Boukhlaef is a party with no cause for celebration.
In one of those white buildings Cedrick lived . It was common for call centers, the most flourishing business where sub-Saharan play , you communicate with their families , betting online. Is urban life , it would seem pre-European , enjoyed : not all reach across the desert in Morocco arduous voyages and transported by dangerous mafias , there are those who enter the country through the airport or travel by conventional transportation. The problem is the last step , the final decision : to cross the Strait , jump the fence, or living in a migrant Morocco suffered an explosion and becomes irregular in to a police problem.
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MARCOS MORENO / LUIS GOMEZ
Then it happens that the police response in an urban environment is more complicated. A raid on a five-storey building makes it a mousetrap. Cedrick fell through the cracks . And it has not been the only one, but the third in four months, December 4th hundreds of Africans said enough and caused a demonstration never seen in Morocco.
A week after his death , the atmosphere is tense calm Boukhalef . The police failed to intervene because the images of what happened spread through social networks and reached Europe . The difference between the urban environment and the open (Mount , fences of Ceuta and Melilla and the Strait ) space is out of town are more discreet deaths , arrests and injuries also take longer to reach hospitals . In the city, everything is known and , above all, is transmitted in real time.
Elangue Frank is 20 years old and knew Cedrick . Dress like a young posh , branded clothes and adjusted Ralph Lauren polo neck up. He wears a Nike cap. He lives in one of those homes , with lounge, kitchen , two bedrooms and bathroom. His bed is a mattress on the floor and his heritage is in a couple of suitcases . She lives with three families. They are eight in all , including a couple with a seven months. Its sole purpose is to reach Europe seven want to go to Germany and one to Belgium. None set your destination in Spain . Immigrants know exactly where prosperity is .
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MARCOS MORENO / LUIS GOMEZ
Frank emphasizes replies journalist with a perfect " Yes , sir" , pretending to be a dandy . You do not have an accurate idea of what to do , he says he would like to work on something related to aviation. Next to it is Kevin , the youngest of the group at age 16. He also wants to go to Germany . Frank knows the days of the week that the weather forecast announced good weather and calm in the Strait . Probably in a week, be on the beach trying to cross the sea ( tried on 30 but aborted departure). He bought his " toy" .
Toy, Toy in English, is the key word among immigrants. It's like calling the inflatable boat to try to acquire some day cross the Strait . It's a Zodiac buying any property , which costs between 200 and 400 euros depending on size. Was the subject of fashion during 2013. The determining factor in which some statistics are to shoot. "There has been an upturn ," announces Rafael Lara, of the Human Rights Association of Andalusia. " Has there been an increase of about 1,000 immigrants. Where? In Cadiz , because other provinces have dropped . Cadiz and have doubled their numbers exceed 2,700 . It is a phenomenon despite the militarization of the Strait. What has changed is that Morocco is heavily involved . According to information from the Moroccan Interior Ministry , 19,500 attempts were aborted . I think an exaggerated figure . "
Binda is a Senegalese woman has left to live on the mountain to have a room in La Medina , the oldest neighborhood of Tangier . There bides his time with seven bags of luggage. He knows everything there is what keeps someone will have to sell before leaving. Because , of all the bags, there is only one major , a red bag that keeps your toy. When I first tried was pregnant , now has a girl that will undertake the journey . Senegal fled an abusive husband : "He was one of four women ," he explains , " if I went back to my country , my husband would claim me ." I had thought of crossing at year end .
Thanks to the Diocese of Tangier, Binda took classes to learn how to make bracelets , which they sell to have an income , the Diocese cleared the mountain, where the risk of rape is very high. Once MSF left Morocco , the Catholic Church is the only institution that maintains a regular support to immigrants . " We give them food , because in Morocco feed is available to any pocket ," says Immaculate Gala, a ' guerrilla nun " as her boss gets to define it , Bishop James Agredo . Immaculate is an active woman , just watch how you drive through the chaotic city traffic . " We help with blankets and clothes, especially the needy , those who live in the bush ." The Bishop has a very strong position on immigration : he publicly expressed his opposition to the placement of concertina fence in Melilla. If Agredo outside the borders should be open .
The Catholic Church must act tactfully in an officially Muslim country. "We can not proselytizing in Morocco ," says a clergyman. " We can only offer worship to Catholics , but when assisting not differ based on race or religion. And that strikes them much to groups like the Muslim Brotherhood , having a health care network only for practitioners , but not offer Muslim immigrants . them just like us we gave aid to Catholics. "
Jump the fence or cross the Strait in a toy boat . Most of the attempts to reach Europe are concentrated in these two actions. Are derisory sums if they compared with immigrants entering through airports , but they occupy much space in the media , which offer the false impression that they are part of an invading wave run by mafias, which force authorities to strengthen border militarization costs , outsourcing Morocco as gendarme. How much is Europe ? Spain? No one knows. " The opacity is total", responds Mikel Araguás , Secretary General Welcomes Andalucía . "It's hard to tell if we consider that prejudice any negotiations . Often do not know what or how much aid is given , there are many funds that is impossible to discern the foreign policy of Spain and the European Union. Recall that military aircraft Mauritania received a few years ago were computed as Official Development Assistance . Nonsense " .
Morocco meets a while now . Every 400 meters from the beach, on the outskirts of Tangier , one or several at a military checkpoint . So reach the beach is risky and costs money.
It costs money . First, purchase the inflatable boat. Then , hire a car ( taxi) to approach the group by road to the agreed point (30 per head ) . There are nine passengers, seven men and two women, crammed into a Renault Laguna , devoid of the rear seats , which incorporates a useful trunk space. There are cases in which a second payment occurs for the military look away .
This is not the case. The nine passengers do not have free rein . The driver let them on the road. Since there is 500 meters straight , cross country, under a full moon , to the beach. Men run for a few meters and make a first stop to drink water, put lifejackets hidden under their jackets . Each carries a water bottle and your mobile inside a condom to avoid getting wet during the crossing. They carry a yellow bag with four wooden paddles two plastic buckets for carrying water inside the liferaft and a blue bag with the toy , the toy , the boat , and a pump to inflate when they reach the beach.
Every 30 meters, the group stops and crouches . They are led by a guide who knows the procedure. Run , stop, drop, drink water and breathe to expel tension. In the distance you see the lights of Gibraltar. Is Europe .
No one speaks . Run , stop, drop, drink , breathe. So to the beach.
The last meters . The group is placed in two rows, as if they had trained so many times. One proceeds to inflate the boat. When throw into the water , the guide will call the phone Maritime Rescue Spain warning of a boat in the water. Until recently , this strategy worked : even if in Moroccan waters, localized Sea Rescue boat and rescuing occupants. Now no longer the case . And no one explains .
Now, the collaboration works. And are the Moroccan patrol which , time after time , immigrants caught in their toy boats . Who warns Moroccans ? That's the secret of collaboration. Very few come to a more remote area , where Salvage has no choice but to rescue rate .
For these nine passengers , all fails . Suddenly , a group of military appears . No runs, no violence : immigrants are paralyzed and become easy prey for the military. One of the women fainted. All detainees, including photographer . Only the guide, more experienced, started and lost in the darkness. They know what awaits them : an interrogation not too friendly and a free trip to the desert.
The other Gurugú
LUIS GOMEZ
In the mountains the best known face of immigration is . There are hidden those with less economic means. Out there who have no destination to jump the fence. Ceuta and Melilla, the two land borders of Europe in Africa .
Near the mountains of Ceuta Bellyournech are less known than the Gurugú . Since the road is a green landscape. They are part of a splendid natural, green, leafy park, from whose heights the Spanish coast currency. Who stops inside you will realize that it is not a silent landscape: distant , scattered voices , the trail hidden in the undergrowth humans hear . How many : if no census in the city , let alone in the forest.
The forest is also an organized space. There is a territorial distribution by nationality , a Senegalese side , another Cameroonian ... Another detail : insurance simulated camps and camps. Immigrants have sharpened the wits and maintain camps where they spend some time knowing they are located by the military , in inaccessible areas and more scattered , are safe . In the most high and steep areas , caves . Life in either place not much difference. The mountain is usual to find people wearing caught years in Morocco , with experience in several failed attempts : it is people end.
" Every immigrant is part of a family project ," says veteran trade unionist Michaels , the collective Aljaima, a connoisseur of labor exploitation in Morocco. "The journey of an immigrant to Spain typically takes an average of three years and in that way , the family spends most of its assets ."
Because of the mountain is only possible to see police or the weekly visit from a volunteer of the diocese as Juanma Soria, a Spanish businessman , father of four children , born in Valencia , who devotes many hours to the hard work of searching through the woods for immigrants provide blankets, warm clothing , hygiene tips and a cure for their injuries .
Prospects within the forest are scarce. Or you try to jump the fence , or surround yourself by the sea , or you can wait for the desert. When expeditions to the fence, the consequences are apparent the next day as hit men , wounded and injured .
Within the forest , also flows information about what happens outside . It is difficult to know when there may be a raid. Moroccan gendarmes are predictable . "Carry immigrants desert is expensive, so do not do every day ," says a representative of a local NGO, " especially now that there are problems on the border with Algeria. When there are several buses parked at the gendarmerie , is a sign that there will be transfer to the desert and prepares a raid . "
The same applies to the patrol , with departure times and tie . The military officials and that has an advantage : their schedules are rigid and customs are fixed. Thus the law of the border moves
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