巨大な公共工事の意図的な安く公開入札して、あとで工事費用を増額する大企業の詐欺てきな公共工事請け負い
Cuando el sobrecoste forma parte del plan
Los expertos creen que las desviaciones presupuestarias en las grandes obras públicas son a menudo premeditadas
El sector de la construcción considera inasumibles los precios de muchas obras
Dani Cordero 3 FEB 2014 - 21:37 CET
Fuente: SEOPAN. / EL PAÍS
When the extra part of the plan
Experts believe that fiscal slippages on large public works are often premeditated
The construction sector considered unaffordable rates musical
Dani Lamb 3 FEB 2014 - 21:37 CET
Jørn Utzon won the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2003. It had been many years since he had designed its showpiece , the Sydney Opera House . But that building, designed in 1957 , started building a year later and opened in 1973 ended up becoming one of its major headache , he was fired before the end of the works, and one of the reasons that Utzon was not precisely at that time one of the most beloved names in Australia . Construction cost $ 102 million at the time, 14 times over budget . As Bill Bryson wrote sharp in his book In the Antipodes , " in hindsight , haste with which the project began were probably his salvation." There was no turning back. This is how the icon and the history of the work which is probably more cost overrun in relative terms was constructed.
That same argument Bryson subscribed a few months ago the former mayor of San Francisco Willie Brown, in a column. "In the world of civic projects , the first quote is actually a kind of advance . If people knew the real cost from the beginning, never approve anything. The idea is to start . Getting to make a hole so big that there is no other recourse but to bring the money to cover it . " With those words trying to explain why the increase of the Transbay Terminal ambitious budget, a project which integrates public transport hub with office buildings whose cost has soared above $ 300 million ( 221 million euros).
Source : SEOPAN . / COUNTRYDespite the advance of technology , and engineers and builders have been able to find the formula to avoid overspending upward in large construction projects. The most striking example is currently a part of the expansion of the Panama Canal , which faces the Panama Canal Authority (ACP ) with the consortium Grupo Unidos por el Canal ( GUPC ) , led by Spanish construction firm Sacyr , which demands more money considering that the cost has soared by uncontrollable reasons for contractors . But the same goes for flagship projects in Germany as the new Berlin airport , the Elbe Philharmonic Hall in Hamburg , or Brazil stadiums constructed to host the 2014 World Championships .
The infrastructure policy expert and professor Bent Flyvbjerg of Oxford University , he studied in 2009 how he had diverted the cost of the works in 20 countries around the world over the past 70 years. Their work concluded that 90 % of projects failed to meet the budget and was always casually drift upward . And the problem was not just that far exceeded the goal of spending but also forecasts use, that used to be higher than the actual were met. Most striking are the conclusions Flyvbjerg reaching their jobs. "Our research shows that the main cause of the excess cost is the underestimation of costs during project planning . And the main reasons for this underestimation are : optimism and strategic " political distortion when presenting projects . Academic used other words, but its content, fits perfectly with the statements of former mayor of San Francisco. "Optimism is not deliberate. An optimistic estimate of costs is low , leading to cost overruns later . Strategic misrepresentation is deliberate and is done so that the projects look good on paper, to obtain approval and funding, " he says.
Willie Brown: " If people knew the real cost , never approve anything "
When the controversy arose in Panama Sacyr , the so-called modified culture that has become popular in Spain during the boom years , was recalled when the investment in public works was fired and administrations were unable to contain cost overruns . President Seopan , Julian Nunez says , however, that the Spanish construction companies are competitive because they know well run projects and do so at a competitive price. Supports the modified problem , but blames the public procurement law , where the financial bid on the art premium. The result is nothing but a price war among the construction , looking workload to support its structures.
The EU threatened to punish Spain for the modification of contracts
But that taste for low statistics are pointing in the opinion of Nunez, " a peculiarity in Spain since the seventies ," he explains. Last year , during the fall competition for tenders forced by the crisis, the average of the bid by the State projects were awarded with a discount for output of 33.8 %. In 1967 , this reduction was 17% .
" The Administration awarded to the floor and then supports the modified , but also know it will never exceed the base bid contract ," the president of the management of large construction , with reference to the Administration supposedly always saves money. The modified were more than usual until five years ago. In 2008 the EU threatened sanctions against Spain if it did not end with that policy change public works contracts in most cases assumed overruns. He even take cohesion funds because it had modified works without justification. The socialist government in 2011 approved the Sustainable Economy Act and ended the threat. Since then, the additional costs can not exceed 10 % of the tendered work.
The additional cost is sometimes impassable due to reasons such as geology
On a recent visit to Barcelona, the Minister of Development , Ana Pastor, puffed out his chest . His team would finish with the profusion modified . 2013 data give reason. You could even say that Public Works has managed to use the modified works to reduce the average price of competitions by 0.2 % if the modified and additional works associated with the original contracts are considered .
But this conclusion is not entirely true , since the reduction is held on trimming a half since tendered road. Yes it is true , however, that since 2008 , the threat from the EU, have modified content and deviations of costs of works. That year infrastructures were tendered by Fomento expensive medium 12% by way of changed , affecting more than half of the works.
"When I had a number of refurbished and modifications that were not of this world," said the minister, who argued that " in bidding for the work you have to give weight to the project and the work. The economic part must also prevail , but lowering the margin for no reckless deals . Because if that occurs, we stumbled upon the perfect storm. " Just what builders accuse the administration of having fomented for years : it putting the cost of the technical bid. " ADIF is accepting all works temerity when they are well below the weighted average of all the deals , and in some communities are awarding works with low 50% " complains Nunez, who concludes : "We are very competitive and cheaper than France. " " The project can be right or wrong and hires low . It is a matter quite flawed from the beginning , "said Alberto de Frutos, CEO of Bovis Lend Lease in Spain , specializing in project control with , that just was trying to avoid that kind of budget deviations company.
The "culture of modified" prevailed in Spain in the boom years
Give more importance to technical project has become a cliché . But for the president of the College of Civil Engineers of Madrid, Juan Antonio Santamera is insurmountable despite a large number of public works that overrun is " inevitable" . "In some countries the field does not vary for miles and miles , while in Spain a kilometer may find different subsoils that make forecasting difficult , there are times where projects do not have enough budget for polls as accurate as necessary " explains , to assume even that "in some cases it is better to risk a little and start building because they would have to do so that would be very expensive comprehensive studies ." Y refers to the Pajares tunnel , the most expensive of the AVE for their continuing problems section . Its 50 kilometers exceeded 3,000 million euros, when they were budgeted in 1000 . " They should have built a tunnel before, to do a good study," says Santamera .
The infrastructure works are much more complex than building when presupuestarlas as match most of those consulted . Especially for geological uncertainty. But that does not ensure that the great works of buildable often do not fall into the same problem , especially when the project falls into the hands of a star architect , as may be the case of Santiago Calatrava. In the case of the great names in architecture , De Frutos argues that " used to be a problem with the project and lack of control in the execution of the work. There are some architects who do not like anyone to check their work. "
For those renowned professional architects , " is known from the beginning that will not cost the same as a normal building , What shall we play ? " Denounces the exdecana the Official College of Architects of Madrid, Paloma Sobrini Flyvbjerg who fully agrees with . " Here it is said to be making great theater and say it will cost less because then ' already solved ," he says.
Seeking solution for the mess
D. C. S.
Comprehensive management companies recognize that private projects tend to fit more output budget promoted by the government . Alberto Frutos, Bovis Lend Lease, explains : "What we do first is start a target budget that is set by the client. We ensure that what the architect designs is based on that budget.
Once you have marked design , you make a procurement of works based on the technical offer . In the public sector, however , is much more price contracts . " The exdecana the College of Architects of Madrid, Paloma Sobrini , calls "common sense " because " cheap stuff out faces " and notes that , at least in regard to building promotions , "yes there is almost perfect project and that must be encouraged . " But for that to happen , the contractor claims that " the project is well studied and this is very good." In any case, as Seopan , censorship awarding works reckless , much lower than the other competitors casualties.
" When low 50 % occur in the award , if after faults , almost has more responsibility who awarded the project that you earn ," says Sobrini . Seopan says and has sent proposals to the Ministry of Public Works to try to resolve the problem of recruitment to the floor, which is the embryo of later works price increases , although prudence argues for not revealing their specific proposals.
And especially emphasizes calls allotments in recklessness , which are widespread although they have to be good grounds for arguing that are lower than the other bids submitted .
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