ロシア·ウクライナの危機は、スペインの部門のための明確な期待を作成し、
La oportunidad del gas
La crisis ruso-ucraniana abre claras expectativas para España en el sector
GRÁFICO El mercado del gas natural
Miguel Ángel Noceda Madrid 6 ABR 2014 - 00:00 CET
El mercado del gas natural
The natural gas market
天然ガス市場
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The timing of the gas
The Russian-Ukrainian crisis creates clear expectations for the sector in Spain
CHART The natural gas market
Miguel Angel Madrid Noceda 6 ABR 2014 - 00:00 CET
The new crisis between Russia and Ukraine ( or vice versa) has generated discussion indispensable energy supply that transcends borders , splashes directly to Europe and involves other areas of the planet. Beyond the economic and diplomatic sanctions , the European Union (EU ) is a definite boost that can be reconfigured for a new energy map that responds to the need to diversify sources and ensure security of supply is demanded from different rooms community even before the 2006 crisis first neighborhood . And , as a special character, appears in this quandary Spain , involved in full by its geostrategic location as a point of connection with North Africa and the Atlantic basin , and the storage and regasification plants with which account. So to Spain is something else. It is the opportunity to put the speaker to Brussels and emphasize this transcendence .
The consensus seems total. The problem is continental and again highlight the absence for years of a European energy policy with long-term shared vision . " The stubbornness of the commission to diversify supplies in the area of Russian influence not go down in history of the geopolitics of energy as one of its most brilliant strategies ," he wrote in this newspaper Gonzalo Escribano , director of the Energy Program at the Royal Institute Elcano. However, Escribano now recognizes that " Europe is facing this crisis better prepared than at other times and under conditions less favorable for Russia ," which has more to lose in the case of the EU to meet the goal of reducing dependence on Russia .
The natural gas market
But the need to diversify and maintain security of supply - that is, have the availability of energy at reasonable prices- has changed the EU guidelines . In fact, last September ( before the recent crisis) , the EU approved the project of common interest in connection Midcat through the pipeline ( between Spain and France for Catalonia) within the framework of gas infrastructure priority . Previously, the European Council meeting on March 20, 2014 , had already asked the diversification of the energy supply of gas and electricity in Europe.
The solutions for increasing the storage capacity , diversification of supply sources and routes of access to gas. According Antonio Merino , Director of Research Department of Environment Repsol , Europe would have to move in two directions : towards the inside and outside . On the one hand , "to increase domestic production, accelerate the establishment of strategic reserves and increase community interconnections to improve the supply , so that would maximize the diversification of sources and minimize storage costs from risks of outages ." That policy , on the other hand , encourage debate on unconventional ( the controversial fracking ) hydrocarbons and lead to enhance exploration in the area, as in the UK, Spain and Mediterranean countries.
On the other front , the external Community policy should seek new supplies or increase from safe destinations , either by supplying tube or liquefied gas ( LNG) , which is delivered by boats. In this regard, it is essential to sign a Free Trade Agreement in the North Atlantic liberalize exports from the United States, which has become a power in unconventional oil and gas.
U.S. would become an important partner in the European strategic map with shale gas exports . To this should be added Latin America (Brazil, Mexico , Peru , Trinidad and Tobago ... ), Nigeria and Angola, also LNG , where Spain is the only European country with connections. Other sources of supply would be North Africa ( also connected with Spain ) , the Mediterranean Basin , Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea , where there are huge reserves of gas.
This diversification does not mean , however , nip Russian supply , not least because not enough to supply not nearly European demand , which is close to 500 bcm (billion cubic meters in the acronym) and distributed mainly in the production of electricity ( 28 %), residential (26 % ) and industry ( 21%).
The solution is to diversify and improve the supply capacity of
Moreover, Russia would continue as the main supplier of the EU. But diversification is key to affordable prices. "It is a policy for all , not against anyone ; not be a large percentage , but it is important that countries know they have competitors and that makes curb price rises , "said Antonio Llardén president Enagás , the company that handles the gas infrastructure in Spain and, in coordination with the Ministry of Industry, Brussels demands precise attention to Spain . Llardén puts his finger on the problem: "The problem for Europe is that the energy is not intended as a common policy and each country had its own network layout and plans and energy supply mix ."
Indeed, now seeks to remedy this deficiency by giving priority to form a common network linking the countries. Since the first Russian- Ukrainian gas crisis in January 2006 , and especially with January 2009 , the EU began to take steps to ensure that the provision was to build interconnections between countries with bidirectional flows underground storage full on winter, new connections international and alternative supplies .
That's where Spain , in the 2009 crisis could not help due to lack of interconnections comes . His role in this diabolical is that board has seven regasification plants to which we must add one of Portugal , representing half of the total that is Europe, and 19 storage tanks. I mean, would provide a key for sourcing LNG re-export to Europe through two pipelines that connect Spain with Algeria advantage , one directly and one via Morocco .
That is, many storage problems would be solved and distribute it allow the gas network . " If we have eight runways and two pipelines that allow the Maghreb reexport, Europe must seize it ," says Llardén . But to do this , you must solve another fundamental problem , the connection between Spain and Europe by Midcat pipeline, which is standing in Hostalric (Girona ) , about 70 kilometers from the border . At present, Spain has a switching capacity of 5.2 bcm to Europe. With the completion of Irun - Biriatou project in 2015, this capacity will reach 7.1 bcm , and you have just the Midcat , capacity would double to a total of 14 bcm , representing around 10 % of European consumption Russian gas.
Russia will continue as the main supplier of the European Union
That connection is an eternal regret not just completed by the traditional reluctance of France, although it has recently emerged an interest in a delay occur in prices between the south and the north , where they have better connections , especially with the pipeline North Sea . A problem in this respect is that the project is expensive and would be financed with EU funds. But Europe has bought the idea and wants to develop , it would reduce dependence and prices.
" If we were able to sell it , we would have many papers to get revenue to the strategic position that we have ," says Gonzalo Escribano . "We would have the advantage of being the first mover in the Mediterranean and the privilege of being in the Atlantic Bridge . We must seek European solutions , seeking consensus and not making Lone Ranger " incident . That means you have to negotiate with France , which Spain has ninguneado on occasion, for example by vetoing the Mediterranean Solar Plan to import power from Morocco provided . This circumstance also would have opportunities for Spanish companies .
"We have meshed relationship " , held in the sector. " Gas is a key factor to improve industrial competitiveness by lowering energy bills of businesses , wealth and employment" , according to Marta Margarit, secretary general of the Spanish Gas Association ( Sedigas ) . Optimism , in some cases, predict what comes to Spain , where consumption is 28 bcm , be exporting gas in 2020.
In summary, for Spain is the chance to claim the importance of European geostrategic map in four areas: Mediterranean, Atlantic , Eastern Europe and France. It is on all fronts. Spain must seek allies . And Europe , meanwhile , be aware that if you want more energy security has to pay for it.
Spain contributes half of the storage facilities in Europe
"It's a long-term task ; but it should start tomorrow with agreements on all fronts . It is an opportunity for Europe and Spain , "said Escribano . Russia continues to show his power , no doubt cut off gas to Ukraine or invade Georgia. Maybe that's why "we must take the competition to cooperation ." " Before the Russian power , the EU force is in the rules , ie , in prescriptive set limits, such as not allowing more than 60% of a country; good governance; promote renewable , and be willing to pay , which is most important , "he concludes .
Indeed , using the power that gives him the second largest producer of gas ( 22% of total in 2012), after the United States ( has become the first in the shale gas), and the second in reserves ( 29% ) after Iran ( 30%), besides being the world's second largest oil producer. It is also a major provider of European oil . In 2013 , it accounted for 31 % of supplies of gas to the EU (25 % in 2012 ), equivalent to 162.7 bcm , of which 86.1 transiting through Ukraine.
The other routes are Northstream pipeline , which crosses the Baltic to connect Germany with two lines and a capacity of 55 bcm / year; the Yamal- Europe pipeline , which runs through Belarus and Poland and has a capacity of 33 bcm / year, and the Blue Stream which goes from Russia to Turkey via the Black (16 bcm / year) sea. Through them , and subsequent connection to the European network extends its gas to Europe except UK, Spain and Portugal. In some cases , the Russian gas accounts for one hundred percent of their consumption (Finland, Sweden , Baltic states and Bulgaria) and other percentages ranging from 66 % the Czech Republic to 18 % in France , 20 % in Italy and 39 % in Germany .
The second supplier is Algeria and Norway third, in addition to the Spanish connection , enter the gas tube through Italy. All other providers are, in order from highest to lowest , Iran , Oman , Qatar , Egypt and Nigeria. This cast will change substantially when connections to the Caspian and the former Soviet republics are incorporated.
We must solve the connection between Spain and France by the pipeline Midcat
For 2014 is estimated to drop to 155 bcm supply and that 55 of them will continue through Ukraine . Until the South Stream project is not ready ( in 2020 with a capacity of 63 bcm / year ) dependence on the Ukrainian route is not eliminated. Like the North Stream pipeline may not reach full capacity until there are some unresolved regulatory issues arising from the implementation of the Third Energy Package to the sections of these pipelines that pass through EU territory .
For the Russian company Gazprom , whose total exports represent 125,000 million euros , the EU accounts for 39 % of their income and transiting Ukraine , 20% . The company pays Ukraine for gas transit to the EU about 2,000 million euros, and the toll is already paid in advance through 2015. Ukraine owes Russia almost 1,500 million euros , which has led to threats of outage as in previous crises of 2006 and 2009. If Ukraine responds using part of the gas to the EU 's own use , as in 2009 , the crisis could become in that new cut .
Indeed, it was from 2006 when alarms were lit and Russia itself was decided to build the South Stream gas pipeline North Stream and Ukrainian territory untouched . Other projects such as the Interconnector Turkey -Greece-Italy ; which runs from Azerbaijan to Georgia and Romania to connect to the network in Europe , and the White Stream ( between Romania and Georgia) . A parallel project called Nabucco , which would link the Caspian to Europe through Georgia and Turkey via Bulgaria , Romania , Hungary and Austria was attempted. Ie circumvent Russian territory and would Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan as main suppliers . The project provided for a capacity of 31 bcm per year , 10% of gas supply in the EU in 2020. That were operating scheduled this year but fell by not signing Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan , where Russian influence is obvious.
Nabucco is now taken for lost , though spared potential problems with Russia , which most do not want to boycott . Diversify is not deleted. Besides the big oil companies wanted to enter the country . In any case they are reducing the capacity of influence of Russia , which controlled 9% of global consumption and 70 % of exports went to Europe, covering half of the demand of the whole EU . In the specific gas market , their contributions to world consumption was 6% , with 65 % of exports to Europe. Treasury revenues by exporting these products account for 54 % of the national total and 47 % of the budget , while gas exports account for 30 % of consumption in the EU and Russia represent an income of 11% of total of the country's exports and 6% of the federal budget.
ロシア·ウクライナの危機は、スペインの部門のための明確な期待を作成し、
天然ガス市場をチャート
ミゲル·アンヘル·マドリードノセダ6 ABR 2014 - 00:00 CET
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