世界の不平等の増大、貧富の隔差の増大の原因、資本主義経済やそれに奉仕する法律
ANÁLISIS
La curva del Gran Gatsby
El economista y ex director de ‘El País’ analiza por qué la desigualdad, ya desaparecida de los análisis de los científicos sociales, ha vuelto por la puerta grande
Joaquín Estefanía 20 ENE 2014 - 13:12 CET
ANALYSIS
The Great Gatsby Curve
The economist and former director of El Pais discusses why inequality defunct analyzes of social scientists, has returned in grand style
Joaquín Estefanía 20 ENE 2014 - 13:12 CET
Inequality went out the window of the analysis of social scientists and has come through the front door . If enough of Economics manuals of the past three decades, these issues with extreme wealth and extreme poverty or not , or appear only in the side pages are reviewed , those students have to jump when examined because they know that is not going to ask.
This has changed . According to Oxfam , most people believe that laws and regulations are designed to benefit others ( the rich ) and , therefore , generate inequality . A survey in six countries (including ours) shows that most people think that the laws and institutions are designed to favor the rich . Bad omen for democracy. In Spain , eight in 10 people agree with this statement. Inequality matters increasingly citizens , contrary to what a few years ago declared the deputy head of the International Monetary Fund , Anne Kruger : " Poor people are desperate to improve their material conditions in absolute terms , rather than advance the field of income distribution . Therefore , it seems much better to focus on impoverishment, that inequality. "
During the past four decades , the intellectual hegemony of the conservative revolution , have exponentially increased inequalities within countries . So much has been changed so that the concept of social invisibility. Previously unseen were extremely poor , and the rich were cheerful display of their possessions and status , now those have to swallow their dignity and are in the dark docking dustbins , while the powerful are hidden to avoid being the object of general indignation. Yet the macroeconomic debate has been dominated by other instrumental issues such as inflation , the first risk , the deficit or the national debt. Therefore, first proposed complementary to Oxfam elites who meet at the Davos Forum : the Gini index or other instrument to measure inequality in countries rise to macroeconomic table of governments, along the other macro- , so that it can continuously monitor what economic policies obtained or deteriorate in relations between citizens .
In contemporary analysis of economic inequality have been three stages. The first is linked with the ethics and social ( a society can not be fair and cohesive with such degrees of inequality). In the second , with the economy ( an economic policy can not be effective with high inequality ; much inequality discourages growth). And now it is related to politics: the world's wealth is divided into two parts, half of it in the hands of the richest 1% of the population and half between the remaining 99 % , democracies leads to very low quality, perhaps unsustainable because citizens have less and less power over their lives and can not exercise their rights. Therefore, high inequality as the existing leads to vulnerable citizens and societies. Oxfam's report played two U.S. reviews very timely : the first , who was judge of the U.S. Supreme Court , Louis Brandeis , who said that "We can have democracy or we may have wealth concentrated in few hands , but we can not have both " . The other , of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, whose policies led to the stage of creation of the middle class in America and domeñaron extreme inequality of the " roaring Twenties ": " The freest government in the world , if any, would be acceptable if its laws would tend to generate a rapid accumulation of property in few hands , making the vast majority of the population was dependent without resources. "
The second proposition , after raising the Gini index to macroeconomic picture , is not to be called " neoliberalism " to what is happening now. A dedicated system , as it is doing since 2008 , much of its public resources , to rescue its banks is not a neoliberal system but has passed another stage of exceptionality characterized by state capitalism . Evidenced by the report in question : the so-called " extractive elites " (those who have left to fight for the public interest and only work by itself) use standards , laws, concocting , for their benefit , making it even more lacerating the ends of the social scale. Co-opted politics. Inequality and political co-optation are interdependent. The influence of these elites leads to imbalances in the rights and political representation and as a result , these groups co-opt powerful decision-making and the legislative , executive, regulatory .
Policy in favor of the interests of the elite , which have coincided with the explosion of wealth in the hands of the richest 1% of the population is manipulated. Thus, for example , manage to keep downward pressure on capital gains and the tax rates on high incomes by raising taxes majority , as with so many things to be funded if they drop some taxes must incrementárselos another; create tax loopholes for big companies promoting the concept of avoidance and "fiscal termites " ( individuals or legal entities that leverage the interstices of the tax system to avoid paying taxes or pay less than they should ); plummet bargaining power of unions through labor reforms , and thus the real value of the minimum wage, disposable income and other protective measures , or distort the public agenda to promote measures and leave other for later that never comes.
We must return to those working hypothesis developed by Foucoult and Deleuze, exposing the reasons provided capitalism "appearance and illusion of liberalism " (1: rules too ; 2: characterized irrational excess government; 3: should govern therefore at least possible) , when capitalism today is state capitalism, with a partnership between the state and "extractive elites " for a redistribution of income and wealth to increasingly regressive . This interpretation is critical to understand the current crisis that have multiplied inegalitarian trends of the past 40 years.
The question is how neoliberals have passed to govern as little as possible to want to rule it all . Extreme inequality is a major threat to the inclusive political and economic systems . The economic power and political power , in partnership, increasingly separate citizens rather than move together, so it is inevitable that social tensions intensify and increase the risk of social breakdown . In its latest study on inequality , the Nobel economist Joseph Stiglitz compressed what happens in three points: First , market failures are increasing, of which the most significant is the labor market , with exponential increases in unemployment some countries , and second, the political system , which achieves its legitimacy in correcting these market failures , it does , and third, as a result increases the disaffection of the economic system ( market economy ) and the political system ( democracy ) . This is what all the polls that show .
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