スペインでは出生率の低下と老齢化による死亡率の増加で2017年には人口の減少が始まる予想
Más defunciones que partos
La poca natalidad y el envejecimiento de la población traerán en 2017 un crecimiento natural negativo
El aumento del censo dependerá de la llegada de extranjeros
España perderá 2,6 millones de habitantes entre 2013 y 2023
OPINIÓN | Previsiones aquejadas de optimismo, por MARGARITA DELGADO
Jaime Prats 22 NOV 2013 - 21:42 CET
More deaths than births
The low birth rate and aging population in 2017 will bring a negative natural growth
Increasing the census depends on the arrival of foreign
Spain lost 2.6 million residents between 2013 and 2023
OPINION | suffering optimistic forecasts for MARGARITA DELGADO
Jaime Prats 22 NOV 2013 - 21:42 CET
The falling birth rate and aging population demographers have long time calculating the curves when these two trends will cross different sign and there will be more deaths than births . The estimates of the National Statistics Institute ( INE ), which on Friday published the study Projection of the Population of Spain from 2013 to 2023 , have been dated to the time: if current demographic trends continue happen in 2017. It is a very singular fact . Not since the Civil War or the epidemic of Spanish flu call the years 1918 and 1919 to observe a similar phenomenon. In the 1990s was about to happen , but since 1998 there was an increase in the birth of a miracle that saved the balance between births and deaths .
From 2017 , the population increase will be exclusively - and - so was mostly in the hands of the migratory balance , a highly variable phenomenon and more unpredictable trends of birth and death .
We must go back to the Civil War to observe a phenomenon like
The INE study also predicts that Spain lost in the next 10 years - 2.6 million more than the combined population of the cities of Barcelona and Valencia , and fall to the 44,082,671 . "It's a reflection of the situation in Spain is poor: fewer immigrants come , they migrate more residents and people do not have children who would like to ," says Teresa Castro , Center for Human and Social Sciences of the Higher Council for Scientific Research ( CSIC ) .
Falling population will cease to be a basically limited to rural areas or developing phenomenon, but it will generalize . Only the cities of Ceuta and Melilla grow in population .
The evolution of the population of a country is , in simplified form , an equation whose result depends on three variables: births (totaling inhabitants) , deaths ( remaining ) and migration (which can add or subtract ) . To find the place that is directed towards Spain , predicted by the INE, these three elements must be analyzed . And they all play in favor of a population decline . But the key to what will happen in the future is , notes Albert Esteve , Center for Demographic Studies (CED ) of the Autonomous University of Barcelona in net migration (the difference between immigrants and emigrants) .
The loss of residents will be widespread , except in Ceuta and Melilla
Of the 2.6 million population loss arising from the study of INE to 2023 , 2.5 million deficit come linked to the population exchange with foreign countries. In reaching this conclusion, the report hypothesizes that during the next decade , the movement of persons entering the country will remain stable and outputs with the observed intensity will grow this year. That is , for every two immigrants departing be an immigrant arrives .
However, this need not be so, as Esteve highlights . In fact, the demographer suggests that this factor , net migration is the most unpredictable of all that come into play in the population estimates. And, perhaps , still more if data that obey a situation like the present, with a " very individual and very little generalizable " conditions due to emigration and falling immigration by intense taken as the base economic crisis.
CED demographer insists bear in mind this caution. " The migration dynamics is the most difficult to measure. Is recorded with a time delay [ migrants do not report their departure and census registers or slow to register ] and is also the most variable economic circumstances of one country . "
The analysis is based on the dynamics of migration , the more unpredictable
Specialists insist the evolution of the population in Spain will depend on the unpredictable behavior that has the migratory movement . The other parts of the equation defining the demographic projection , the birth and death rates are much more predictable.
INE forecasts indicate that the negative natural growth will come in 2017 , when the number of births (estimated at 397,714 ) will no longer be able to compensate for the deaths ( 404,054 ) . And this situation will continue at least until 2023 , the last year of the study.
Demographer CSIC removes relevance to the exact date . "I knew that sooner or later came the moment that deaths would outnumber births." He adds that this does not involve any special compared to what happens in most of the rest of Europe. "90 % of the population growth occurring in Europe due to immigration ," said Castro. The negative natural growth is in Germany at least since 1975 . The increase of population has taken this country has been linked to the arrival of foreigners. The same applies to Bulgaria , Estonia , Greece, Italy, Latvia , Lithuania , Hungary , Portugal , Romania and Croatia, with data from 2011 . "There is nothing exceptional in our environment," says Castro.
Germany is , at least since 1975 , with negative natural balance
Demographic prediction INE predicts that parity will continue to decline in the coming years . Born between 2013 and 2023 3.9 million children , 17% less than in the previous decade. In 2023 the number of births is estimated at 339,805 , a quarter less than this year. And all this despite the projections has been optimistic and it is assumed that the average number of children per woman will grow from the current rate of 1.34 to 1.41 children.
The trend is clear and is due to several factors. On the one hand, reducing the number of women of childbearing age. Over the next 10 years will be old enough to have offspring generations born during the birth rate crisis of the late 1980s and early 1990s . It does not help that people pack their bags and emigrate usually people of childbearing age. In 2023 there will be 9.3 million women between 15 and 49 years, compared to 11.2 million there now .
To this the decline of children per woman adds . Why women have fewer children ? The issue goes beyond the current economic crisis. In 1997, when even the most pessimistic could imagine the intensity of the recession that burst a decade later, the rate was 1.1 , lower than the current of 1.34 children per woman. To Professor of Sociology at the Carlos III University of Madrid Tobío Constanza , the question that should be asked is not why women do not want children but why still want them when " everything is against " , from the need to work away from home , to the fall of social support (eg infant schools).
While lower the number of births , projected to continue to increase INE collects life expectancy up to 87 years in 2022 for women and 81.8 years in men. They are 2.5 and 1.9 years longer than the current values. There will be 23,428 centenarians, almost double those in the present. Aging of the population, a process that also work , if there is no change , the negative migration balance and the departure of younger generations will intensify. And it will increase the number of deaths. In 2022 there will be 411 617 deaths among residents in Spain , from 403,785 last year. And compared to the 339,805 expected births . That is when the maximum difference between births and deaths will be reached : 71,812 .
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