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Todo sobre las drogas
EL PAÍS detalla una por una las sustancias que se venden en España, así como sus formas de consumo, efectos y riesgos
JOSEBA ELOLA y JESÚS DUVA 15 JUN 2007 - 19:11 CET
All about drugs
COUNTRY details one by one the substances sold in Spain, and their consumption patterns, effects and risks
ELOLA and JESUS JOSEBA DUVA 15 JUN 2007 - 19:11 CET
Cocaine. The big headache
Juan Antonio's mixed with chalk to sell. Or with pills against headache. This young Sevillian 20 years, now under rehabilitation, he began selling cocaine to get the gram I needed to consume each day. On weekends, one gram was never enough. Coca is a highly addictive substance. Illegal drug is biggest headaches generates between public authorities and health, which marks the start of the century. "Cocaine is the drug reigns in Spain," he says emphatically one commanding officer. Cocaine hydrochloride or simply Cocaine is a white powder extracted from the coca leaf. Usually consumed sucked through the nose. In 1996 caused 5.6% of all admissions to medical centers for treatment of drug abuse or dependence. In 2005, and accounted for 46.9% of these admissions.
more... What about alcohol and snuff?Dismantled a network of drug trafficking and seized 118 kilos of 'speed'Alcohol more harmful than heroin and 'crack', a British study
1 CONSUMER AND EFFECTS
Juan Antonio Curran in a bar and consumed his daily gram work. He tried cocaine, or farlopa, at age 16. Then he began to mix with pills, folders and alcohol. The classic case of polydrug use, one of the key features of drug use today. Few people take a single drug. And almost always accompanies cocaine to alcohol, which is legal drug par excellence. Cocaine was initially used as a local anesthetic in some surgical procedures. However, the discovery of its addictive nature has been replaced by other drugs. Powerful central nervous system stimulant, creates a strong psychological dependence on the consumer.
"There are a lot of cocaine and a very affordable price," says Francisco Herrera, MD, director of the Project Man-based organization that supports those who want to quit drugs, in Seville. "The greatest success of the growers has been to create a climate of opinion so that it seems that in the background is not a substance that bad." It is a stimulant that is often inhaling and easily absorbed which allows to reach the brain faster. Its effects are just a few minutes after consuming: euphoria, talkativeness, sociability. Inhibits appetite and fatigue suddenly removed. Increases blood pressure. In the latest survey among school population in 2004, 7.2% of the population between 14 and 18 years had consumed.
In the study to be presented this fall we see a drop of more than 3% in this record. "There was a real train wreck between supply and demand," says Herrera in his office in Seville. "We are in the country of distribution, here comes the whole deal. Exists high demand and lack of risk perception: seeing people who are going to the bathroom to stick shots has become part of the landscape". Herrera says there are two type profiles between the people who come to the center for rehabilitation.
On the one hand, young adults, people over 30 who come to the consultation after years of use, when they see they are ruining everything they had achieved. And secondly, teens' families come from standardized, with apparent rates of satisfaction in life. " Last year, the Spanish security forces seized nearly 50 tons of cocaine, nearly half ships sailing in international waters toward the Peninsula. "Spain is the gateway of this drug for the rest of Europe," said a member of the Section of Cocaine Central Narcotics Brigade.
2 DEALERS AND PRICES
The wholesale price is about 32,000 euros per kilo, an amount five times when distributed retail street. It is for 50 or 60 euros a gram. This drug trafficking is controlled by large international organizations dominated by Colombian cartels. A narcotics officer said: "The best way to combat these criminal networks is through the figure of the undercover agent (an insider), but this figure is rarely used in Spain because it requires that the mole is always a police officer or a policeman and also , the end always stay exposed in the trial of traffickers. " Police say others here just consumed coca, like crack or crack cocaine, common in the United States.
3 HEALTH HAZARD
Paranoid ideation and depression are two of the consequences that may result from chronic use and abuse of cocaine. Loss of appetite, insomnia and respiratory diseases (sinusitis, nasal mucosal irritation) are among organic effects. "It is very common on attention deficit disorder," says the psychiatrist Marta Llorens, director of addictions line of Psychiatry and Addiction Institute Hospital del Mar in Barcelona. "You see that they are very restless, have difficulty retaining information, focus". "People who eat half a gram or a gram every weekend think not addicted, because it's only on weekends, but they are," says Llorens. "The person who can not stop eating is addicted." That is the difficulty encountered with coca she says. "These are new patients: not marginalized, work, struggle to recognize the problem they have."
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GLASS. Wet your finger in ecstasy
Glass is the new star of the party. Is sweeping traditional ecstasy tablet. The sold in Spain is MDMA (3-4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine), ie, the ecstasy of life just powder and wrapped in a plastic bag. He is credited with greater purity and more expensive than pills. "Those who have gained with this drug are: them a lot cheaper, they have to be mixed with binders and sugars and also can cut better," says Eduardo Hidalgo, Energy Control, an organization that goes to festivals and parties to analyze drugs that people consume to offer information and advice. Ecstasy or MDMA is a synthetic, psychoactive drug. Also called eme, Adam, XTC, hug, beans, and love drug. Its use became popular in the nineties.
1 CONSUMER AND EFFECTS
The glass causes an experience halfway between stimulation and altered perception of reality. Among the effects of amphetamine and mescaline hallucination occurs. Euphoria, empathy and sociability. There are three outcomes: people hug, touch, kiss, you want. Ecstasy promotes disinhibition and increases sexual desire. But it can also generate anxiety, overwhelm and confusion. Eme glass or sold powder inside small plastic bags. The consumer impregnate wet finger to dust and brings it to his mouth. Conventional Ecstasy is usually a pill that gets all sorts of names (Mitsubishis, supermen) based on the logo that is engraved. "I started eating pills and I liked a lot because I relaxed, rather than wake myself up, like coca," says Rocio, Seville, 21. The first tested at age 17, the same day as his birthday. I used to take a five night, all between one and three in the morning.
The MDMA was born in 1912, when the pharmaceutical company Merck isolated it accidentally. By not find a specific medical application, it dropped its investigation. In the fifties, the U.S. Army investigated in the field looking for a drug that would force prisoners to testify. The 1.2% of the Spanish population between 15 and 64 years taking ecstasy, according to the 2005 Household Survey of the National Plan on Drugs. In the posts installed at parties Energy Control, more than half of the consultations are already on ecstasy powder. Since this organization that focuses on harm reduction interventions, it is argued that the real crystal is much more expensive (between 120 and 130 euros a gram) that sold in Spain: "Here is only used in small circles" Hidalgo says.
2 DEALERS AND PRICES
Glass production is easy, because it is obtained in far fewer steps than other substances, it is easier to conceal and the active concentrate better. Usually manufactured in clandestine laboratories in the Netherlands, but also synthesized in Spain. Traffickers' profits are higher than those obtained with the pills, according to the Central Narcotics Brigade. The normal price that people buy em glass or between 60 and 80 euros, and it can be obtained approximately 10 doses. The glass is usually sold in the form of small pebbles wrapped in a plastic bag. Sometimes eaten wrapped in cigarette paper (they call pumps) to mitigate the strong bitterness that has the palate. Also distributed powder and has a high concentration of active ingredient (above 80%) and not carrying excipients or inert substances, as when it is in tablet form. Ecstasy crystallized as an inspector of the Central Narcotics Brigade, was not detected in Spain until the summer of 2004, overtaking the pills known, until then, were one of the most consumed drugs.
3 HEALTH HAZARD
"The problem now is that sold powder is easier than you overdose," says Eduardo Hidalgo. And a few more shots make, for example, is easier to suffer heat stroke. Tachycardia, arrhythmia, dehydration and dry mouth are some of the physiological effects of using MDMA. "Ecstasy may cause long-term brain breakdown," said Juan Flores, hospital doctor Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia. "They occur also many psychiatric disorders, the more consumption, more brain damage." Crisis of anxiety, depressive and psychotic disorders are among the most common psychological effects if abused these drugs. The central nervous system is the target organ in this case. Eduardo Hidalgo, head of the Energy Control organization in Madrid, adds a fact: "We have found that regular consumption affects memory. If you take more than 80 pills over one or two years, you just affecting" .
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GHB. The anesthetic depressant
The so-called liquid ecstasy is actually gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB). Like alcohol, GHB is a central nervous system depressant, so it can not be encompassed in the family of ecstasy, which is a stimulant. Their most common current layout is liquid, colorless (though sometimes he misses dye) and odorless. It has a salty or bitter taste. The police and the National Toxicology Institute have recorded GHB consumption in Spain for over 10 years. It is a very dangerous when mixed with alcohol.
1 CONSUMER AND EFFECTS
Is a drug that dissolves in water and is sold in glass jars. The effects produced: feeling drunk and sociability. Consumers describe it as a binge, but no hangover. The effect begins within a half hour of being consumed. The biggest problem is that it is very easy to over dose. ? Tomas a bottle cap and can sit right?, Says Eduardo Hidalgo, Energy Control. ? Tomas two blocks and you can end up unconscious?. Another effect attributed to him is the increase in sexual desire. In fact, it is said to be an aphrodisiac and can lead to pleasant states. From web warn Energy Control: Is it very important to realize that maybe they can start or incite relations with those who initially had not raised?.
2 DEALERS AND PRICES
The bodies and state security forces seized last year called 144 cubic centimeters of liquid ecstasy. It is usually sold in nightclubs and entertainment centers in a few jars at a price of between 50 and 60 euros, police said. Its distribution is in the hands of large networks. The National Police are concerned not only by so-called liquid ecstasy, but for other products that are marketed in the same environments: gamma butyrolactone (GBL), which is a substance that the human body quickly turns into GHB. GBL is an everyday plastic solvent in the chemical industry and sold freely in chemical supply stores. This product, which when mixed with alcohol is dangerous, is not subject to control or supervision, as an inspector-chief complaint of the Central Narcotics Brigade.
3 HEALTH HAZARD
Tachycardia, palpitations and tremors are three effects that may result from use of GHB, recalls Dr. Juan Flores. There have been reports of respiratory depression, delirium, anxiety and hallucinations. But first you have to be more alert is to be mixed with alcohol, which is responsible for many of the comas that have been given for consumption of this substance. Ingestion may affect reflexes and attention. Driving or operating heavy instruments under its effects is dangerous. And it is easier than ever needed a higher dose to achieve the same effects, thus there is a danger of physical dependence to very intensive consumption.
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HEROIN. The return of the 'horse'
The return of heroin is one of the trends that experts peek over the horizon. And waiting is not confirmed. Respond to one fact: the increase in production from Afghanistan, which portends that the increased supply generates its own demand. "I worry that in a few years may appear as something attractive to drug users," said the delegate of the National Drug Plan, Carmen Moya. Return via the Chinese-inhaled, burning with silver paper-rather than via the syringe. "The Chinese, in the world of new sensations seeking, can enter as a challenge," said the delegate. "We can not let our guard down." Heroin or horse is a drug obtained from the seed pod of the Asian opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Generally distributed in the form of white or brown powder.
1 CONSUMER AND EFFECTS
The rebujao, as it is called in Andalusia, is another of the ways being introduced among the young. That is, heroin mixed with cocaine base. "With the other drugs does not give a monkey physique. But rebujao three euros you can kill because you go crazy," says Rocio, Seville young age of 21. Heroin traditionally consumed intravenously, but fear of AIDS infection by syringe sharing has caused many of the addicts prefer smoking it in Chinese consume (sort of cigarette manufactured with foil) and inhaling the vapors.
It is the most common naturally occurring opiates (opium, morphine, codeine) and synthetic origin (demerol, methadone ...). The latter substance is used, under medical supervision, as a substitute for heroin. "We could detect that people go to prick" said Juan Flores, which makes guards in intensive care at the Hospital Arnau de Vilanova (Valencia). "Heroin is cheaper than cocaine, hence we see how re-introduced". The effects produced by heroin administration are euphoria and wellbeing. Many consumers say that the feeling is similar to an orgasm. Inhibits appetite, and nausea the first few times it is used. And reduces pain. The contraction of the pupils and night sweats are two of the symptoms experienced by the consumer of heroin.
2 DEALERS AND PRICES
The security forces seized 471 kilos of heroin in 2006, most within the national territory, indicating that this merchandise was destined for consumption in Spain. Given that in 2005 only 174 kilos were seized, police experts have suspected that this is an indicator that a recovery is taking place in the consumption of this drug. "If more merchandise, it is because there are people willing to buy it.'s Narcos would import not if there were customers. The business is well," a chief inspector. The traffic is in the hands of Turkish clans that the move to Spain via the Balkan route call, although recently used the former USSR countries. The wholesale price is 20,000 euros / kilo, which is multiplied to the nth degree to get to retail. The price of a gram is around 63 euros, according to the Center of Intelligence against Organized Crime (CICO).
3 HEALTH HAZARD
Addictive and destructive heroin abuse is associated with serious health consequences, including fatal overdose, spontaneous abortion, collapsed veins, and, particularly in the case of users who inject the drug, infectious diseases including HIV / AIDS and hepatitis. Among the psychiatric risks posed, can produce personality changes, memory problems, anxiety disorders and depression. The dependence generated makes it difficult to abandon their use.
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CANNABIS. The most commonly used drug among students
Hashish is the illegal drug most abused in Spain, "says a police specialized in prosecuting traffickers grids of this substance, most Moroccans. Hashish and marijuana have a significant presence in the school population. The next Survey of National Drug Plan reveals that consumption begins to decline among young people 14-18 years, although almost one in three teenagers consume. "Before, they had a certain profile drug counterculture, the shaman smoked, were consumed by vice or to heal. Now take because they are there, "says Eusebio Megías, technical director of the Foundation for Help Against Drug Addiction." In recent years, however, the picture begins to darken cannabis ornate "he says." There is some deterioration in overall image of the substances. "
1 CONSUMER AND EFFECTS
Ricardo is 19 years and four months until smoked about six joints a day. Reason that their parents considered enough that entered in the day program Man Project to try wean. "It is needless to abusive consumption reach for help, it is best done as soon as possible, and more easily slows," says Manuel Orellana, director of the center's youth program Seville this organization, whose therapies are free. Orellana notes that one of the latest innovations in this market have detected what they call Pakistani hash, which is mixed with opium "and produces more hook".
Hashish is a preparation of the resin of the cannabis plant. It is popularly known by the names of chocolate, pollen or cost. It produces flowers shedding cannabis trichomes that cover. Solid in appearance, it is malleable with heat. It is brown with reddish tones, black, green and gold. Pipe smoking is often mixed with snuff or in the form of cigarette or joint. In recent years marijuana has become popular and self-cultivation, plantation home. Relaxation, disinhibition and hilarity, three effects of cannabis. Sensory disturbances, difficulty expressing themselves clearly, immediate memory loss, three psychological effects.
"The problem with cannabis is that it trivializes" says Francisco Herrera, doctor. "It appears associated with ecology, solidarity, the pursuit of spirituality. Intellectuals see minimizing their impact on television," he adds. "And though I believe that the decriminalization debate has to be on the table, should take place between people who know what they are talking about." Herrera criticizes the existence of magazines aimed at cannabis lovers. Even harder than it is shown Megías Eusebio, the FAD: "I can understand that there are people who defend the right to use cannabis. Yet another thing to promote consumption." Eating in public or possession of hashish or marijuana for consumption may involve administrative sanctions ranging from 300 to 30,050 euros.
2 DEALERS AND PRICES
Security forces intercepted in 2006 almost 460 tons of hashish and arrested 157,924 people for their alleged involvement in the drug trafficking. In 2005, the volume of seizures was higher: nearly 670 tons. Does that mean you can be a reduction in consumption? "No. We do not. Possibly, it is because there has been less production due to crop failures and, moreover, the Moroccan authorities have used more resources to fight the mafia that controls the business," says a veteran narcotics police.
The transport of the goods from Morocco to the Peninsula is in the hands of Moroccans who use ships and boats, often using the same routes of illegal immigration networks. After implementation of the Comprehensive Monitoring System Strait (SIVE), traffickers have been forced to make their landings of hashish in the area close to Murcia and the east coast. The price of this drug at home usually around around 600 euros per kilo, an amount that doubles when you come to Madrid and start to be sold in the form of Chinese retail, police said. The price of a gram of marijuana on the street around 3 euros, according to the Center for Organized Crime Intelligence.
3 HEALTH HAZARD
Daily consumption of cannabis can slow the user's psychological functioning. According to Energy Control, the joints do not produce physical dependence, but we can develop a psychological hook can hinder quitting. Cannabis use can cause long-term memory problems, learning disabilities and schizophrenia, according to psychiatrist Marta Llorens. Juan Flores, a physician who works with the National Drug Plan, adds an effect that sometimes occurs: "Decreases testosterone secretion in men and hormonal changes occur that affect libido and menstrual cycle of women."
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KETAMINE. The emerging liquid
An anesthetic that was used by veterinarians has become a fashionable drug. Ketamine is a dissociative substance with hallucinogenic potential: it makes one feel that he is outside himself. Originally used in medicine for its analgesic and especially anesthetic ketamine usually sold in the form of colorless, odorless liquid or white powder. Can also be found in capsules. Although used in very small circles, and we hear of ketamínicas parties.
1 CONSUMER AND EFFECTS
At low doses it is a stimulant drug and may involve some loss of coordination and difficulty thinking and speaking. Blurred vision is another consequence of consumption. At high doses has strong psychedelic effects: hallucinations user triggers a trip. In its powder, people administration using a key and consume what they call toes, small doses. ? Already in the year 1965 was used for the place, but in Spain has begun to reach the mid-nineties?, Says Eduardo Hidalgo, Energy Control. ? Its consumption is a minority, but is growing. It is an emerging substance use?.
At raves, parties spontaneous? Sometimes illegal? with a soundtrack of electronic music, people from Energy Control has found that about 50% of queries were receiving on ketamine. In areas pubs or gears, no more than 3% of those who had approached them that substance. It's easy to lose track of who you are and where you are consuming ketamine. Even you lose track of who you are. There are consumers who have described instances where they thought they were going to die. The ka keta or belongs to the family of depressants, which include Tranxilium and Trankimazin. Mixing with alcohol is dangerous. In liquid form and in glass jar also presents the popper (amyl nitrite). Inhale and within seconds produces euphoria and sexual desire.
2 DEALERS AND PRICES
Police seized keta 139 units in 2006 (93.99% less than the previous year). A few days ago, the Civil Guard seized 5,000 bottles intended for marketing popper in saunas and sex shops of Madrid.
3 HEALTH HAZARD
It is a dangerous substance that can cause respiratory depression, cardiac arrest, and anxiety disorders. It's easy to get hooked to the chum, has an important addictive. Your continued use affects memory and concentration. It is particularly dangerous for people with hypertension, heart problems or psychological problems. Sometimes it can cause poisoning and death from overdose, due in part to users despise or ignore the risks. Regarding the popper, can create physical dependence and has a high risk of overdose.
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LSD and magic mushrooms. Internet mushrooms
Magic mushrooms are another popular drug. Your internet sales and marketing, also on the Internet, self-cultivation kits have led to a boom in this hallucinogenic drug. Its effects are similar to the traditional LSD, or lysergic acid diethylamide, the most powerful psychotropic substance known. The networks that control these drugs are very small and traffic based on word of mouth.
1 CONSUMER AND EFFECTS
Hallucinogenic mushrooms proliferate for the sake of self-cultivation. "There are people in Catalonia who accessed even before the mushrooms ecstasy," says Eduardo Hidalgo Energy Control. Consumers say that mushrooms lend unless the bad LSD trips. Its effect, though, is four hours compared to ten credits LSD. They have come to a good start in the circuit because they were able to sell drugs as something associated with the roll natural, marijuana cultivation to consumption. Consumers tend to take it very occasionally, as in the case of LSD. Fungi possess a highly toxic substance called psilocybin. They look very similar to the mushrooms and grow only in damp places. LSD or lysergic acid diethylamide is the most powerful psychotropic substance known. Their usual form of presentation (although there are others such as pills, liquid or powder) is on blotting paper, sort of like a stamp cardstock, which usually takes varied designs (Popeye, comic book heroes, planets, etc.) and placed on the palate.
2 DEALERS AND PRICES
The networks that control these drugs are very small and traffic based on word of mouth. Police seized 1,090 units in 2006, demonstrating the low LSD's in Spain, explains Narcotics Police. This recalls the largest seizure is practiced in this unit: "A few years ago there was a puppeteer Yankee in Pamplona, coinciding with the celebrations of Saint Fermin. Had a kind of paper strip was cut into pieces as he was approached people sinister looking. pissed, decided to intervene and, to our surprise, it turned out that this guy was selling LSD tablets. " LSD is akin to mescaline (trimetoxifeniletilamina), plant alkaloid with psychedelic and hallucinogenic properties that were seized last year 20 units.
3 HEALTH HAZARD
Hallucinations, panic, flashbacks and psychotic symptoms, ie hallucinations returning time after eating the tripi.
What about alcohol and snuff?
Alcohol is the drug that causes more social harm: health, public order, violence. "Eusebio Says Megías, technical director of the Foundation for Help Against Drug Addiction." Is the one that produces more chronic effects, "says Dr. Juan Flores, advisor of the National Plan on Drugs: "The coca and cannabis stop consuming disappear." Alcohol and snuff "create ten times more deaths than illegal drugs," says Bethlehem Bilbao, director of Drug Addiction Basque Government, "Crean much suffering and much more burden in terms of public health."
Alcohol, next to snuff, is the great legal drug. The one that tops all lists consumption: 76.7% of the population making, according to the National Drug Plan. Spain is now the seventh in the world in terms of consumption per capita, with 10.5 liters of alcohol a year. Alcohol causes in our country between 10% and 15% of emergency, 4% of hospital admissions, and estimates associated with more than 30% of traffic fatalities and between 15% and 25% of serious traffic accidents. In total, just over 10,000 people die in Spain every year from causes related to excessive alcohol consumption, according to the Ministry of Health. The pattern of consumption, however, has changed over the years. It has gone from a Mediterranean model (daily, spread throughout the day, lots of wine) at a nordic pattern (binge in a short time, get drunk by fast, high presence of spirits).
Alcohol use by teens is much more than a problem of bottles or hangovers. The impact of the drink in a few brains that are still in training will make at least one in three young people who start drinking at age 14 or 15 years in the future have to deal with an addiction to drink. According to Aaron White of Duke University (North Carolina), may be even worse: in alcoholism also influence biological and social, if the child's family has a history of alcoholism, addicts futures proportion reached 48% . The results in other age groups coincide. For those who begin drinking at age 13 or earlier, the proportions of future alcoholics are 26% if there is a family history and 57% if they exist. The tendency decreases with age.
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