欧州の大学改革(BOLONIA)計画は、教育予算削減と役所仕事で足を引っ張られる
Tanto Bolonia para esto
El sueño del espacio europeo de universidades para competir con EE UU y Asia se atasca
En países como España, los recortes presupuestarios hacen el cambio inviable
J. A. Aunión 22 AGO 2012 - 01:43 CET
Both Bologna for this
The dream of the European universities to compete with the U.S. and Asia jams
In countries like Spain, budget cuts make the change unfeasible
J. A. Aunión 22 AGO 2012 - 01:43 CET
Remember Bologna? The Italian city not, but the reform of European universities that would bring all kinds of compliments, increasing mobility of students and teachers, improving the training of graduates and their chances of finding work. The same that rocked the campus from various countries of the continent (including Spanish) by student protests between 2008 and 2009: they complained because it would "commodify" universities. Do you remember? Have you any idea what happened to all that?
According to experts consulted about the continent, the bottom line is that, in the formal part, the objectives are achieved or very nearly achieved (systems now seem fairly divided on campuses as whites in grades three or four years, one or two masters and doctorates), but the rest is still far away. In countries like Spain, further budget cuts become worthless modernizing ideas like how to teach.
"As more qualitative objectives, processes and quality assurance, employability and mobility (the goal is that 20% of students study at some time abroad and are below 10%) progress is still very small, "says the professor of the University of Amsterdam Hans de Wit. The specialist is nevertheless optimistic: "It has created a new mindset and a new common framework is very important, but now we must move from a more quantitative approach to a more qualitative, looking at the results and impact for next phase. "
The progress in student mobility are scarce
But not all experts are so positive, because for some the real problem is formally change itself: "The biggest problem is the requirement for universities to introduce the ECTS credit [all European degrees should use this measure that takes into account class time, from seminars and even the students work on their own], the dream to calculate in advance each time you will devote the student who is causing a bureaucratic nightmare, "says mail the German scholar Stefan Kühl .
In fact, in the survey conducted a year ago by this newspaper the perpetrators of 28 public Spanish campus, the general feeling was that of bureaucratic suffocation. "The excessive bureaucratization of the process we have lost a lot of time and vain worn to the most committed of the university," he noted Sarriá Incarnation, rector of the UNED.
But the bureaucracy was the second major obstacle identified by the universities, as the former were the budget cuts. Some snips that have not only grown as worsened an economic crisis that seems endless. So, in order to improve the way of teaching in college seems impossible today. The central idea was to move beyond traditional lectures many students to replace them with a more active learning for students, more tutorials, seminars and group work, which requires, of course, smaller groups and a good number of teachers .
Some experts complain the "bureaucratization" of the campus
On the contrary, among the education cuts mandated by the central government last April is reducing teacher (increasing class time by teachers who do not prove some research) and the reorganization of the degrees to remove it not have sufficient demand. This will close the races with few students, but also can kill initiatives of some universities to offer degree programs in some few places, precisely in order to make methodological change that drives Bologna. For example, last year the University offered 35 seats for a double degree in mathematics and computer science, or the degree of Science and Food Technology at the University of Vigo bid 30 seats. The Government has proposed eliminating races with less than 50 new students a year.
"The move towards a student-centered learning costs money (smaller classes, development of learning outcomes, student support, etc.). If this funding is not available, it is certainly questionable whether the Bologna reforms go forward, "said the secretary general of the European University Association (EUA, in the acronym), Lesley Wilson. The specialist defends the significant progress of the Bologna process (quality control, improving the contents ...), but admits he still needs to quicken his pace. And remember that not all countries have reduced budgets for universities in recent years. In fact, France and Germany have increased.
"The European Higher Education Area is now like a boxer who has supported one knee, is in a bad time, but it is still KO. Those who believe and dream in the educational values we still continue to rely on the benefits of the revitalization of the Bologna process, "says the professor of the Polytechnic University of Madrid and head of the UNESCO Chair of University Policies, Michavila Francisco, with a glimmer of hope despite the panorama: "It seems to have been an eternity the span of four years since the Lehman Brothers fiasco. Sometimes I have the feeling that Bologna is now talking about something already obsolete. And this is not true, it can not be. The Bologna process contained many good ideas, whose implementation has barely begun. " He continues: "Bologna was not a point of arrival. It was much more. Remain to make structural reforms to overcome the traditional organization of departments, faculties and schools, with the addition of special schools such interdisciplinary graduate and research linked to toe, for example. It remains to reform the government, with increased agility in decision making and less amateurism leaders. It remains to establish mechanisms to facilitate partnerships. The commissioning programs of excellence campuses in Spain are good examples of how to take steps toward a better time ... ".
"There are many good ideas that have not yet started", says a specialist
In the last decade, in the name of Bologna, many European governments have been fitting their own political agendas, which often included increasing the price of tuition, that was one of spigots that triggered student protests. Now, in the current crisis, this trend has only increased. In England, the price of tuition has risen in no time from 6000-9000 pounds a year (about 7,600 to 11,450 euros), undertaken by the Government and become future liabilities for students. In Ireland, which in 2007 cost 825 euros, now costs 2,000. And in Spain, although some communities have resisted, in other enrollment has risen from next academic year to 600 euros on an average of 1,000.
While, at the last meeting of ministers of the Bologna Process, held in April in Bucharest, was still insisting not only on mobility, quality, employability and student-centered teaching, but also the need for further "increasing access" to higher education and to care for their "social dimension", ie no one is left out of college for financial reasons.
Not yet comparable titers
In 1999 he signed the Bologna Declaration, a commitment signed by education officials from 47 governments, not an EU directive, mandatory. But, despite the different rates of change, details or universities that get off the train, as the Grandes Ecoles, the agreements have been coming true.
The first titles to comparable across countries, is the common schema based on the Anglo-Saxon, divided into grades of three or four years (in Spain, are four and have replaced degrees and diplomas), master of one or two years and doctorates. That was a first step, among other things, for the automatic recognition of qualifications, something that has not happened and seems unlikely to happen soon or in the medium term.
In fact, it was not until last April, at the last meeting of ministers of the Bologna process, when explicitly included among the objectives. "It has always been implicit, but the recognition is still in fact one of the major obstacles to mobility, is great news it is included among the goals," he said by email Estonian Allan Pall, head of the Association European Students (ESU). But he warns: "There is still a long way to go, because today is even Bologna as 47 separate pieces of a puzzle rather than a complete picture."
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