脱税天国では国際貿易の73%が法の穴を潜りぬけて、脱税行為, € 24'000'000'000'000(24兆0000'0000'0000€)
Los paraísos fiscales esquivan el cerco
En los centros ‘offshore’ se acumula una riqueza valorada en 24 billones de euros
El negocio de estos territorios opacos crecerá un 30% hasta 2017
Los paraísos fiscales ganan con la crisis
Europa y el G-20 retan a los ‘búnkeres’ fiscales
ESPECIAL Chinaleaks: Los papeles de los paraísos fiscales
GRÁFICO Refugios fiscales y movimiento de dinero ‘offshore’
J. S. G. / F. G. / A. R. 20 ENE 2014 - 20:56 CET
Tax havens dodge the fence
In centers offshore wealth worth 24 billion euros accumulates
The business of these opaque areas will grow 30% by 2017
Tax havens gain from the crisis
Europe and the G20 challenge the 'bunkers' tax
SPECIAL Chinaleaks: The roles of tax havens
GRAPHIC tax Shelters and moving money offshore
J. S. G. / F. G. / A. R. 20 ENE 2014 - 20:56 CET
The rapid growth of the Chinese economy has its black holes. Part of the business generated by the Asian country hidden under tax havens. 73% of international trade passes through offshore centers , according to Richard Murphy , director of Tax Research, an institute of the UK tax investigation .
The research sponsored by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ ) has revealed that more than 22,000 citizens of China and Hong Kong have records on companies related to tax havens. The British Virgin Islands has become the second largest direct investor in China, according to official data. 10% of the investment receives the Asian giant comes from the Caribbean tax haven in a movement back and forth , with a stopover in Hong Kong , showing entitlement to the privileges granted to Beijing foreign investors.
The wealth that hide these offshore centers is 24 billion euros
The offshore territories allow hiding large sums of money through official control screens societies or secret bank accounts . The tax - avoidance fissures in seeking legislation to reduce taxation - tax evasion or escape of black money are the three gears that keep up the flow of capital made these shelters Capital , says Nicholas Shaxson Treasure Islands ( the treasure Islands ) , on the origin of these opaque jurisdictions.
The world's most populous country is no exception in the world of business. The OECD , the club of the world 's richest countries , estimated that more than half of international transactions are linked to opaque jurisdictions . Europe is the origin of most of the flows of money doing these tax dens. The OECD estimates that one-tenth of the global economy flows through the convoluted structure of the financial system pipes evacuated in these islands.
These tax shelter limbs up to 24 billion euros [ 24 times GDP Spain ] , according to the Tax Justice Network ( TJN ) , a non- profit organization dedicated to monitor fiscal abuses, which in 2012 published a report (The price of Offshore revisited ) on the hidden wealth in these dens. TJN calculation is conservative because it ensures that the value does not collect real estate , yachts and other non-financial assets.
The growth of world trade has fueled the business of tax havens despite the financial crisis. The hidden wealth in these black holes grew 6.1% during 2012, according to the Boston Consulting Global Consulting. This organization estimates that the wealth deposited in tax havens grow 30 % between 2012 and 2017. Also predicts that offshore centers of Asia, such as Singapore and Hong Kong , will receive most of the new wealth is allocated to these shelters capital.
The growing tax competition has also encouraged the activity in these islands has led to treasure and most multinational landed on them. Global companies seeking loopholes in the tax laws to lower your tax bill by shifting income to countries with less taxation and spending to those with deductions. That transfer pricing - an accounting trick by which a company can move the bulk of their expenses or income from a subsidiary based on their desirability appear prosecutor. 82% of major U.S. publicly traded companies have branches in tax havens and use these techniques to lower your tax bill. Including Google , Microsoft , Apple , Facebook and Amazon , to name a few.
Activity in opaque jurisdictions will grow 30% by 2017
The lack of a global agreement to define the tax bases consolidated corporate tax increases opportunities for multinationals to shift their profits to tax havens , says John Christensen , director of TJN . "There is a considerable increase in the use of intellectual - property licenses , trademarks, concessions, to transfer benefits to these jurisdictions ," he adds .
There is no official blacklist of tax havens but fifty jurisdictions are considered opaque. Many are tropical islands in the Caribbean and Bahamas , Cayman , Aruba, the British Virgin Islands or the Netherlands Antilles , but they are also classified as such states of Delaware or Miami in the United States ; jurisdictions Channel as Jersey or Guernsey , or European countries such as Switzerland, Luxembourg and other territories in Asia , which is characterized by a sobredimensiado financial system.
Research conducted on the basis of data from two intermediaries operating in the BVI shows that less than $ 1,000 ( 700 euros) you can create a shell company with a bank account in this offshore center . From there , just a click of mouse to operate anywhere in the world without revealing the identity of the holder . One such intermediary , Portcullis Trustnet , staying at a post office in Tortola, the largest of the British Virgin Islands , thousands of organizations, companies and trusts. It is common in these offshore firms. Ugland House, a small building in the Cayman Islands, is famous for being the registered office of some 18,000 companies of this type . In tax havens are no registered over 3.5 million businesses, thousands of bank accounts , insurance companies and more than half of the large freighters in the world. Open a company in one of these bunkers is not illegal. What is the origin of illicit money or use them to evade taxes , explains José María Peláez , a member of the Organization of Tax Inspectors (IHE ) .
The large global banks have subsidiaries in these tax shelters. Through them help their customers create front companies . Research conducted from the database which has had the ICIJ shows that institutions like UBS , Deutsche Bank and Credit Suisse, intermediated in favor of their clients in the incorporation of companies in the British Virgin Islands. This practice is part of what is called shadow banking . Only 5% of those who have bank accounts in tax havens the state , according to a report from Norad , the Norwegian development agency . . " All these jurisdictions are linked to the shadow banking perform financial transactions in microseconds from the City of London , Hong Kong or Wall Street going through these tax havens ," says Juan Hernández Vigueras , author of The casino that governs us : Traps and to clear financial games.
Part of the money circulating in these islands has an even more obscure . "While most come to evade taxes , there is a part that comes from criminal activities linked to corruption , drug trafficking, arms sales ... " says Susana Ruiz Oxfam , which warns that the problem "is not only money , but these territories serve to bend the rules of other countries. " Ruiz cites the case of Delaware where they are domiciled almost all credit card companies because it allows U.S. charge higher interests to bare their customers .
Major international organizations have conspired to end tax havens. Both the OECD and the G20 group of the 20 largest economies , have driven agreements to exchange information and shed light on the opacity of these bunkers . But the end offshore territories dodging these controls. The requirement to exit the OECD blacklist went by signing 12 agreements for the exchange of information with other countries . Most tax shelters signed agreements with other havens and left the list. Moreover, these opaque jurisdictions tend to hinder provide the required information .
The new challenge proposed by the G20 goes through an automatic agreement information. But many are wary of the proposal. "Most of the measures promoted by the OECD to control tax evasion are based on weak standards ," says Christensen of TJN , who highlights the information exchange agreements as an example of the weakness of the system " and help with the detection of cross-border tax evasion and deter evaders using tax havens abroad.
From the Organization of the State Tax Inspectorate , Pelaez believes that " path but the path is traversed before long ." He concludes: " While there is a system of sanctions for those who fail , will not help ."
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