スペインの経済危機で、失業率は26%で、アメリカ合衆国に仕事を求めて移民する技術者が増加
Los españoles miran hacia el Oeste
Miles de profesionales migran a Estados Unidos en busca de oportunidades laborales
Mapa de españoles residentes en Estados Unidos
Eskup: ¿Eres emigrante? ¿Estás pensando en salir de España? Comparte tu experiencia
David Alandete / Cristina F. Pereda Washington 13 ENE 2012 - 18:26 CET
The Spanish look to the West
Thousands of professionals migrate to the U.S. in search of job opportunities
Spanish Map of U.S. residents
Eskup: Are migrant? Are you thinking of leaving Spain? Share your experience
David Alandete / Cristina F. Pereda Washington 13 ENE 2012 - 18:26 CET
The crisis has created an exodus. Highly skilled workers, faced with unemployment exceeding 20%, have staged a slow leak in the west, with its sights set on the U.S., a country where they feel they have better prospects. Thanks to a call through the blog's Kitchen Life & Arts section of the Company, based in dozens of Spanish America contacted the country to tell their story. Engineers, PhD students, a California winemaker for Australia changing every six months, an architect who goes off almost daily by the facades of Manhattan, an engineer who sinks boots in great works of Miami and the medical director of the unit emergency room of a hospital in Boston. These are workers who have been able to fulfill their career aspirations three thousand miles from their homeland.
"In Spain it is difficult to get a decent job on its own merits.'s A country where it works best cronyism" explains Patrick Germain, 43, who came to the U.S. in 1996 to study a master. He returned to Spain, where he could only find work as temporary professor of secondary and finally back to the U.S.. He completed a doctorate in literature at the University of Virginia and is now a professor at Towson University in Baltimore.
"I feel valued here, I see that I have a professional projection and great potential to improve," he explains. "If you want to work, you have options to continue climbing. Spain does not work that way." Germain is in the U.S. with a visa H-1, which is generally granted to those who have completed their doctoral studies. He hopes to apply for a permanent residence permit in the next few years, which can cost up to 6,000 euros.
Each year, the U.S. government delivered some 140,000 green cards (residence permit). In each country, whether India or Belgium, you are granted a maximum of 7% of these permits. In December the law was changed to extend this limit to 15%, giving priority to the needs of the labor market, benefiting countries with higher demand for visas, such as China and Mexico, harming smaller countries aspiring as Spain.
"I feel valued here, I see I have professional projection and great potential to improve," said a teacher
Of all these visas, 55,000 are delivered through a lottery conducted annually by the State Department. In 2007 he participated in nine million people. In 2012 the figure has doubled to 19.6 million. In 2007, when not yet talked about crisis in the country, entered the 6909 Spanish lottery. The grant was made for residence permits in 2013, 15,362 applied. There was only finally lucky 232.
Earn a residence permit for that method is literally like winning the lottery. And Israel Nava, 32, has played. Twice, he says, "because I did not know what to do this year as things are in my sector in Spain." Israel is an audiovisual technician. It specializes mainly in film post production, but also works in television. The last April called to tell him he had won one of those green cards. So far it has paid 1,100 euros for certified translations, medical and payment of consular fees.
Israel will come to Kentucky in March to arrange a residence permit. Then he wants to move to Los Angeles or New York. "I'm looking forward to seeing how my industry actually. Took 12 years working in the audiovisual sector and the last two have been especially bad, because we depend on grants and public money," he says. "I have the impression that in the U.S. the industry is otherwise different from the precariousness in here.'s What I see lately in Spain: much fudge and precarious."
Eusebio Mujal-Leon, professor of politics at Georgetown University in Washington, is one of the professionals that detected the dripping Spanish in recent years. "These are people with a future that is looking for an opportunity to study in the U.S., trying to extend their stay once they graduate and reenlist the American workplace while passing the crisis in Spain," he says. "Once you are here, do not hesitate to stay."
"I'd go back. But this Spain, but one in which the work has the value it deserves," says José Luis Cuesta
In the last U.S. census, in 2010, citizens had the option of identifying themselves as Hispanic and specify whether they were of Mexican, Puerto Rican or "other". Under "other," the respondent was asked to write his origin. The options suggested were: Argentinean, Colombian, Dominican, Nicaraguan, Salvadoran and Spanish. In total, 635,253 people wrote "Spanish". The figures give the National Statistics Institute of Spain differ markedly from those of its American counterpart. Ensures national census living abroad 1,702,778 Spanish. Of these, 74,495 in the U.S.. The figures were last updated on January 1, 2011. They show a significant increase over recent years, especially since they began to feel the effects of the crisis. In 2008, 66,979 lived in the U.S. Spanish. An increase, so far, 11%.
Israel Nava.
According to sources in the U.S. embassy in Madrid, this difference is due to the confusion caused between the Spanish term U.S. citizenship. "It is possible that many people mistake him simply with the fact that their ancestors were of Hispanic origin," the sources explained. The figure of 74,495, offered by the government of Spain, does not include all Spanish residents in North America. "There are some who come temporarily, as exchange students, that are not registered at consular. But it is a very small number," the sources added.
Mujal-León notes that the main gateway to the U.S. are grants and postdoctoral studies. Lucia Rodriguez, 28, takes 28 hours to travel from Tucson Arizona to his home in Galicia, but this PhD student in Environmental Engineering decided not cost anything to get out. "Here I was offered everything. Already bad situation, they offered me a scholarship and I knew I had no choice. As all works now, the opportunity is out there, you have to know others and be willing to travel "he says.
"It makes no sense to have a public education then richer countries benefit from it by exporting much talent," agrees Ayatima Hernandez, 33, an international consultant in Washington. Since 2008, also looks back regretting that Spain not assessing the efforts of professionals, often forced to emigrate.
Casbas Patricia, 27, started the final year of his career in biochemistry thinking of leaving Spain. He landed in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The following year he had a place in their doctoral program, with all costs paid for breast cancer research. "I've been here since August 2007. Opportunities that the U.S. has given me I gave them to me or give Spain, unfortunately.'s Why I came and why I stayed."
Another route of entry is the Fulbright scholarships, which for more than half a century have been sent to various American universities over 4,700 Spanish students. In recent years have also increased considerably its applicants. In 2008 approximately 310 square asked candidates in the programs of study for graduates, artist studios and foreign language teaching. In 2011 that number nearly doubled, reaching the 556 candidates.
The Commission manages these scholarships addresses academic advising, shipping and handling, and tuition fees. Its funding comes mainly from the Spanish government, but the U.S. also provides funds. Students travel to the U.S. with a J-1 visa sponsored by the State Department of the USA. One of the requirements of the visa is for students to return to the European Union for two years, at the end of their studies, before they can apply for a work permit in the U.S..
"We care professionals responsible to be aware that some moral debt contract with society that has contributed to their training and who are willing to work for the good of the company", explains Alberto Lopez San Miguel, the new director of the Commission. "Yes we have noticed an increase in applications in recent years, no doubt due to the crisis that forces young people to seek alternative outlets and may decide to apply for a scholarship in another situation people would choose a different path in their development personal and professional "
Berta de Miguel
Mujal-Leon points to several factors that have pushed out many Spanish: the high rate of unemployment, the difficulties of the state to help generate employment, demographic characteristics, a high percentage of pensioners compared to the labor force, and major obstacles to create business initiatives and, with them, jobs. "A few years ago young people saw Europe as the first destination to improve their English or find a career, now look to the United States," says Mujal-León. "Despite the economic downturn here has never ceased to demand highly skilled professionals, especially in certain areas."
Other Spanish out in search of new opportunities in one of the world's largest business meccas: Silicon Valley, the epicenter of technological innovation. Miguel A. Díez Ferreira, 40, arrived in San Francisco in August, looking to expand your business, Red Karaoke, which sells mobile applications to sing for the phone. It has come with his wife. Both have met with representatives of Apple, Facebook and Google, among others.
"People in the U.S. is more accessible for business. Access to most people is simple, you can talk to almost anyone if you have a good product or an interesting proposition for them," he explains. "In the U.S. you work fewer hours, but hours worked are higher quality: people gather the maximum and squeeze every minute, are much more productive than in Spain."
Some of these differences are just discovering Bruno Llorente, 35, in Santa Monica. After six years working in a global telecommunications company and seeing how the labor market worsened in Spain, risked. "I left just when the worst was about to start," he says. However, for him, the problem lies elsewhere. "The hard part is not out, but the amount of people who want to go back and we can not."
"I would love. But this Spain, but one in which the work has the value it deserves, and which is given now," says José Luis Cuesta, 28, who works for Discovery Communications in Miami. Your case is special. Spanish father and an American mother, dual nationality helped him make the jump to the U.S., where they waited for their two brothers.
"When that day comes, then I will raise back to the culture I belong and I want, but for now I have to be pragmatic, to think with a cool head and put up with the rage felt that I had to leave by the back door" . A José Luis threw labor uncertainty. Gone was his wife, a newly purchased home and, if not find a bank to meet, also a baby waiting.
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