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2012年11月26日月曜日16:55 曇り 最低気温:10ー12ºC、最高気温;15ー17ºC、BARCELONA
スペインでは、失業のせいで、若者は両親の家に頼らざくなる、特に年金生活の両親が最後の頼り
La red familiar se resquebraja
La tercera edad ha adelantado a los jóvenes en capacidad de gasto a causa de la crisis
Se han convertido en el sustento principal de miles de hogares
La ayuda de los parientes como colchón de seguridad económica empieza a agotarse
Amanda Mars 25 NOV 2012 - 16:42 CET
The family network cracks
Old age has overtaken youth spending power because of the crisis
They have become the mainstay of thousands of homes
Help from relatives as economic safety net begins to run
Amanda Mars 25 NOV 2012 - 16:42 CET
From statistical jungle emerge from this crisis in the history of Elizabeth N., 51. Divorced, until a year ago lived in Denia (Alicante) with his son, 29, one of thousands of construction workers who became unemployed after puncture of brick, and with his girlfriend. It would be a case of mother to child care difficulties in emancipation, but Isabel also lost his job at a passenger ship in 2009, in crisis after a sick leave. With unemployment so charged and some economic lace kept the floor one time and got a finance downgraded the mortgage payments of about 500 euros per month to about 250. "But then as I ran the last pay and I had to leave, I lay in bed many days without eating, yes I've got to go hungry," he says. The financial, that renegotiates debt but not forgive, no more keeping the house, his son went abroad to make a living and then it was she who returned to his mother's house, octogenarian, in Madrid.
In a country of the blind, a one-eyed king and becomes increasingly impoverished one, like Spain, pensioners and retirees have become a sort of economic safety net to contain the ravages of the crisis. They are the ones who generally have maintained or increased their economic capacity in recent years, and those who have not lost jobs-for obvious reasons-no money. The long economic downturn has put them ahead of youth in spending: only households with a householder greater as they have increased in the last five years.
Source: Fundación La Caixa. / COUNTRY
In 2006, households whose main breadwinner was someone between 16 and 29 years recorded an average cost of 11,814 euros per person per year, above the average, while in 2011 was lower (10 345), just unlike households that the main contributor was 65 or more, your average expenditure has increased from 10,157 to 12,093 euros. The money for many retirees is holding not only a generation, his own, but sometimes two: that of their children, and up to three: that of their grandchildren.
Spanish households with all members unemployed assets in 2010, 7.8% lived with a person over 65 years, a rate 3.7 percentage points higher than 2007 and up to seven points over what happens in other countries like the UK, France and Denmark, the study Crisis and social fracture that has published this month the Foundation La Caixa. The study noted that "in many households whose incomes have been reduced especially after the impact of the crisis, pensions, even low amount, become a more stable labor income." And the average income was down both, the study found that the relative position of the elderly has improved.
"The problem is that the capacity of this type of solidarity is peaking," says Miguel Laparra, study coordinator. Now there are 1.7 million households with all active members unemployed, according to the latest Labour Force Survey (LFS). "The novelty of this crisis is that the strike is affecting the main breadwinners of families and pensions become a new redistribution mechanism: the scholarship that has lost a child or the entrance to a house, but this is coming to a saturation level "alert Laparra.
Parents help children succeed and these, as adults, are those that lend a hand to their parents. This used to be a sort of unwritten law familistic as Spanish companies, but job insecurity has turned the tables. "My parents are from a poor family and I now wish to bring books and stuff, but I can not, I say that this way they can help is like giving me and my heritage," explains Ana Vázquez. Is 40 and lost his job at the Royal Tapestry Factory in Madrid three years ago and has returned to her parents for two, in a staged process.
With an unemployment of just under 600 euros, tried to keep his small rented flat as far as possible. "He paid just over $ 500, so my parents gave me to eat. I like a year because I spend little workaround I alternated very well and with some specific work to the public, "he says.
Many seniors are holding their children and even their grandchildren
But there came a time when engineering savings and gave no other and turned over to his parents, his career studying Fine Arts as a way of retraining, while still working on what comes out. Never are bargains.
Wages have shrunk while pensions have increased and this has meant another turn: the most common wage workers is increasingly closer to the retirees, as is clear from the figures of the last survey of wage structure (EES) . The average pension contributory retirement is around 953.70 per month, 3% above a year ago, according to data from October, while the most common wage in 2010-the latest data available, was also the border of 1,000 euros (for 14 payments) after deducting social security contributions and income tax. The average net wage that year was 1,345 euros a month, since, as explained by the National Statistics Institute (INE), "there were very few high-wage workers, but that significantly influence the average wage."
The trend is best if you put the magnifying glass at the present time: the new generations retirees are better trained and better jobs and wages, thus finished their working life is higher. The new high retirement pension last October threw half of 1386 euros, and above the annual average net salary.
In your own words explain all this Jesus Puértolas, a retiree of 65 years of the Federation of Pensioners of CCOO: "My son is 31 and, since he lost his last three delivery job, just find some specific things, 15 days, substitutions underpaid. " A Puértolas father, at least for now, has fared better: a multinational commercial agent for 33 years, was taking early retirement at 57 and now has been a pension of 1,580 euros, which eat through him, his wife and his son. But there has come the aid to buy one floor to another son, who lost his job just eight days before he was granted a housing estate. "After more than 30 years of work I have a pension that I have, but I have to pull over for more things and we lose margin," says this excomercial.
"It is true that pensioners are the only ones who have lost purchasing power during the crisis. Furthermore, in the two legislatures Zapatero minimum pensions rose nearly 30%, but they were very low, "says José Ignacio Conde-Ruiz, professor of economics at the Complutense University and deputy director of Fedea, but warns that" the solution to economic problems can not stop them. "
With the worsening of the crisis, the government has not made clear whether it will ensure the maintenance of the purchasing power of pensions for next year, meaning that they gather the rising prices of 2012 after rising 1%. The measure would cost 2,500 million to 3,000 million euros. In this regard, Conde-Ruiz says: "Rajoy does not have a very wide range of spending and pensions account for 40% of the consolidated budget, so it's hard not to touch anything."
"This kind of solidarity is peaking," says a specialist
Economist puts attention on youth employment means nor uneducated. Up to 926,007 people under 29 are unemployed and have not completed high school studies, are largely labor victims brick prick, who left school early. And, of these, just over 100,000 are doing a workshop for recycling. "How to recycle almost one million young people to give back to the labor market? It is important to allocate the limited spending on education and employment policies to rescue these young people, "he adds.
One of them was the son of Elizabeth N., left and left Denia Spain while his mother returned to the family home in Madrid. According to Olga Salido, Professor of Sociology at the Complutense and researcher for the Foundation Alternatives, "if there is a clear loser in this crisis, these are young people." Salido, who prepared the document Spanish citizens before the crisis, Laparra match the risk involved in the huge number of families with all members unemployed: "It is an enigma how far can endure it."
The crisis is going to reunite families, not just children who return home to their parents, but by elders who leave their homes because they can not keep paying. It is a return to a coexistence abandoned long ago. While Isabel N. complains of the hard character of his mother, Ana Vazquez, who also lives with it again, sees it differently: "It is a curious situation: you suddenly become to treat as a child, and in the background is tempting enter this dynamic, so treat yourself ... a struggle. But it is also a reconciliation with them on many things because you're older. "
The unemployment rate has exceeded 25% for the first time in Spain and around the net job creation is not imminent. The poverty rate of the elderly has contracted, among other reasons, because the reduction of poverty has declined with the general lowering of rents, warns the report of the Fundación La Caixa, in addition to improving the level minimum pensions and because these new retirees have a higher contribution bases at which they died.
The adventure, with the reform of the pension system and the new salaries, is to imagine now how will future pensioners, new generations of retirees.
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