1986年のチェルノブイリ原子力発電所の原爆(原発爆発)事故の現状
REPORTAJE
Entramos en el abismo nuclear de Prípiat
El accidente de la central nuclear de Chernóbil en 1986 forzó una evacuación apresurada.
Dejó un paisaje apocalíptico en el que nadie podrá vivir en 24.000 años.
Entramos en la zona de exclusión, donde la amenaza de la radiación se percibe a cada paso.
El documental ‘La ciudad del fin del mundo’ se emite esta noche en Canal+.
Los alrededores de Chernóbil nunca serán aptos para el ser humano
El legado de Chernobyl, lecciones para Fukushima
Las víctimas del accidente nuclear de Chernobil "reciben ayuda", según la URSS
Jon Sistiaga 23 ENE 2013 - 00:05 CET
FEATURE
We entered the nuclear abyss of Pripyat
The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 forced a hasty evacuation.
He left an apocalyptic landscape where no one can live in 24,000 years.
We entered the exclusion zone, where the threat of radiation is seen at every step.
The documentary 'The city doomsday' airs tonight on Canal +.
The area around Chernobyl will never be fit for human
The legacy of Chernobyl, Fukushima lessons
The victims of the Chernobyl nuclear accident "get help" as the USSR
Jon Sistiaga 23 ENE 2013 - 00:05 CET
Grrr, grrr, grrr ...! The unpleasant sound dosimeter that measures radiation around us continues to moan. That regret is all that is heard in the former Lenin Avenue Pripyat, the ghost town called, ground zero of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP. If the meter does not exceed 40 microrroentgen when we are sure. If more than 120, enter the threshold of danger and must leave immediately. Grrr, grrr, grrr! As we approach the park from the city, abandoned his famous Ferris wheel, the counter is accelerated. According to our guide, an expert from the state agency that controls the zone called, is the most infected of Pripyat.
-Yuri, how much brand?
4100 microrroentgen / hour.
- Did you say that we should not expose ourselves to more than 120?
-Yes. Right now we are receiving radiation incompatible with life. You have to go to any host ...
Pripyat never be inhabited. This city of 50,000 was evacuated within 36 hours of the accident has suffered worse than a nuclear power plant and stood empty since absorbed and forever. Lifes a teenager. Because Pripyat had been erected in 1970 to house the plant workers and their families and was abandoned in 1986, 16 years later. He went from being the pride of Soviet developmentalism, the example of happiness in the proletarian paradise, a city with an average of 26 years per capita and nearly one thousand births a year, to become a post-apocalyptic scenario. Huge gray apartment blocks overlook the lone visitor through their windows empty, like hundreds of eyes watch over you. Sidewalks trees have grown at will, some getting into stores and offices at street level, others intertwined with each other, as if they embrace. The city has been overrun by all sorts of animals that graze freely in their parks. Pripyat is now blue and gaunt a world that will remain forever in the nuclear winter. A world of ash and radioactive dust.
The policemen were returning from the accident with legs skinned knee "
"I remember I sent some police motorcycle to the scene. When they returned, they had skinned the legs to the knees. Why? Because the atomic vapor released into the air by the explosion was very heavy and deposited near the ground. The central seemed surrounded by a low fog. Two female police officers in my department died within hours of radiation received, "says retired Colonel Aleksej Timoteevich. This big man, 55, who was then police lieutenant, organized the first security perimeter around the plant. Aleksej accompanies us on our tour of the city that was his and invites us into his old apartment. His face is drawn nostalgia. He remembers living wallpaper, "my wife seemed appalling and we were going to change" its neighbors, "the top was a hero of the Soviet Union decorated for his fight against the Nazis" the booties his daughter Marina, who was then four years, or their notes while studying at the Police Academy. Everything was there because everything is polluted, everything is radioactive. "We were told the public through radio and television would be out only three days. People left home with four things. The identity card, some money, some food and clothes. Many pets died, dogs, cats, birds, because almost all remained tied or caged and the owners never returned. "
DOCTORS LIED
Above, from the roof of one of the tallest buildings, the city has some of those mythical civilizations partially buried in the jungles of Central America. Hiding in the bush. But there are no prophecies or omens, or conjectures that are worth. There is no secret to reveal. Nothing that has not already been told or shown, except the actual number of deaths. No official figures "because doctors had orders from Moscow not to link the deaths of people with the Chernobyl explosion and distort the parts were writing other causes of death," recalls Evgeniv Dmetrievich, former engineer of the Chernobyl NPP. Evgeniv ensures that during the weeks that were admitted in Moscow there was not a single death among their peers that were awarded to radiation. The Soviet Union took several days to announce to the world that the accident had occurred, and for years, at least until its collapse in 1990, tried to hide the true extent of the disaster. In a bipolar world, one of the two superpowers could not admit the shame of recognizing a failure of this magnitude. "Yes, it's true," admits Igor Kyrylchuk, Greenpeace activist, "physicians were forbidden to write in their diagnoses any link to radiation. We believe that at least 12 regions of Ukraine remain contaminated and are still detected high rates of stomach cancer in adults and thyroid in children ... ".
Each report provides its figures, and the only thing they agree on is working based on estimates and not reliable. The first official UN report, conducted in 2000 by its Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, found only 30 deaths from the accident: police, firefighters, operators and engineers who directly killed by the explosion. The second UN report, made five years after the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Atomic Energy, the death toll stood at 4,000, all cancer deaths, and estimated that another 5,000 would die years later. That is, the United Nations itself endorsed two reports in 9000 and died five years apart. Other studies, German Green Party and environmental organizations such as Greenpeace or the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, the figures rise to almost 100,000 deaths from cancer spread throughout Ukraine, Russia, Belarus and even Poland or Romania.
The 'liquidators' work five minutes a day. In return, they got rid of two years of service in Afghanistan
Nor is there agreement on the number of workers involved, the voluntary in which things were done in those Soviet Union, in the task of sealing the reactor number four. It is estimated that over half a million were and are known as liquidators. The government thanked them and gave them a medal representing a drop of blood traversed by alpha, beta and gamma. In modern Ukraine are considered heroes, those who by their sacrifice and effort saved the world from nuclear disaster. They came from all corners of the USSR, and many of them worked only a few days and were replenished by other liquidators. The level of radiation to which they were subjected was so high that, for example, that the roof of the reactor desescombraron almost all soldiers working shifts five minutes. Rose running, throwing all the debris, iron, metal, tubes, everything found, into the reactor and largaban. Just five minutes a day. Many believe they did promise to save the target two years in the war in Afghanistan. Five minutes for two years. It did not seem bad business. Most of the roof liquidators died.
WE DIE SLOWLY
"The first day I remember everyone vomited. Nobody understood anything. Nobody said anything. We were fighting an invisible enemy. I drove a bulldozer and had to bury contaminated remains just one hundred meters from the reactor. After five days I was there and took the most time worked. " Yakov Asimov is now 76, but remember perfectly when his foreman at the works of the Kiev Metro said that the nation needed them and that they would be mobilized to Chernobyl. Not considered a hero. Almost no liquidator thinks, although all are proud of what they did, and all, as Yakov, they want to be buried with his medal.
"Here in Slavutich, the city where we realojaron evacuees from Pripyat, die each year from 30 to 35 people who participated in the settlement. Obviously, we are all in that risk group, "says Valentin Vasylevych, former chief engineer at Chernobyl technical production. The Ukrainian Government has recognized two and a half million people affected by the status of the Chernobyl accident, and according to their figures, the first wave of liquidators who worked the first weeks of the disaster, die slowly. They are people who are now between 45 and 65. Valentin account, smiling, when comes to routine medical checkups, doctors tend to look with curiosity, "as if it were the last of the Mohicans".
The amusement park in Pripyat, abandoned. / Alfonso Cortes-Cavanillas
Many historians have linked the Chernobyl disaster with the collapse of the Soviet Union. The television appearance of a beleaguered Mikhail Gorbachev was the first sign of what would later be known as glasnost, the openness of information. The economic consequences of the accident were terrible for the devastated Soviet coffers. We had to close the area, leave the fields empty factories, evacuate 120,000 people, close the country's largest nuclear plant, build new housing for the residents of Pripyat, pay compensation. "Yes, the accident had many economic consequences, but most of all was the loss of confidence of the people with the government of the USSR. With the protective state. We were told that an accident was unthinkable. The explosion caused the largest internal exodus from the World War II, and without explanation, "says Yuri Tatarchuk, spokesman for the agency that controls the zone.
Yuri is a historian and has spent 15 years working in the exclusion zone, which, we tell jokes, we are reassured. If he is, it means that we have a chance to get out of this unscathed nuclear ride. He is one of the 4,000 workers who work in shifts of 15 consecutive days, in this restricted area. Most are workers who are dismantling the nuclear plant, but there are also scientists and measuring radiation in every corner in a radius of 30 kilometers. The fallout was not distributed evenly. The winds and rain moved isotopes forth and many ended up in aquifers, draining to the river Pripyat. Much of the nuclear fuel removed from the reactor during the early days was buried in makeshift graves throughout the zone. Found and inventoried about 400 wells are being depleted radioactive, but there are still another 500 to follow to find leaking radioactivity into the ground.
GAS MASKS
This explains why, for example, in Pripyat, the ghost town, passes in just two feet to be dead sure. Measuring a radiation dosimeter bearable to go crazy. To be 12 microrroentgen, normal, up to 4,100, mortal. "We who work here have to follow a few safety rules such as not eating local mushrooms, no fish in the river or hunt, not play sports outside, and above all, do not stay in places that we know unsafe, "says Yuri while we walk. Pripyat is an idea that remains Spooky following a nuclear accident or what the world for them to survive a nuclear war.
The whole city is full of Soviet iconography and remnants of the old Bolshevik splendor, because everything was just as it was in 1986. 50,000 people lived here, but you can walk almost everywhere. And on our walk we see some things that do not match. As the central clock in the square, standing suspiciously to 1.24, when the nuclear reactor explosion. There was no shock wave, so that the mechanism of the clocks could not stand by the blast effect. A slow death came Pripyat, at night, in the air, in the form of invisible radioactive particles. If the clock was stopped later and lack of maintenance, and then someone decided to put his hands at that time. Because it is nice, or because scarier. The same questions you do and Colonel Yuri Aleksej on gas masks famous school number three. The photograph everyone and is known as "pig snouts." There was not time to use them because the kids were evacuated immediately, so maybe they were placed by some unscrupulous photographer seeking an iconic image of Chernobyl. "They were probably thieves who wanted the copper gas filters. Those were the days of the Cold War. All schools had stores with masks, "he explains Colonel.
The main consequence of the accident was the loss of confidence in the USSR "
The Chernobyl accident was not technically a nuclear explosion, but an explosion of steam built up inside the nucleus by a succession of negligence and design flaws. When the reactor exploded, was exposed to the air and ran inside, it is estimated, 3.5% of the radioactive material. That is, there is still almost 95% within the nuclear fuel, which gives an idea of the magnitude of the disaster and the disaster occurred avoided. The isotopes of iodine 131, staying in the thyroid gland, which caused many cancers, began to evaporate on the eighth day of the accident. Within five years will dissipate the strontium-90 and cesium-137, are extremely polluting and around Pripyat. But plutonium-239, the main threat that escaped the reactor number four, that will not leave for another 24,000 years. Imagine where humanity was that long ago!
WHAT'S IN THE REACTOR?
"In Chernobyl everything is radioactive. Every team, every building, every machine, all you have around you, everything is contaminated? And I speak not only surface radiation, I'm talking about permanent radiation caused by the accident. " Seyda Valery is the assistant general manager of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and the man in charge of dismantling. We get in the giant turbine hall of reactor number two. The plant stands since 2000. But that, in nuclear terminology, means you have to keep cooling the reactors, extract the fuel safely stored, proceed to decontaminate and then dismount. The full blackout will be in 2022, radiation that permeates every corner will not drop until 2045 and complete dismantling is set, more or less, in 2065. Within 50 years. "Yes, I'll then 100 years," laughs the vice of Chernobyl. Valery defends nuclear industry because, he insists, is much safer than others. I remark that we are 100 meters from the reactor that exploded and was about to devastate half of Europe, and says I have reason and you know your opinion is difficult to understand, but there's only nuclear accident every 30 years and also then always apply new security protocols.
The control room of the plant requires, even today, with attention. / Alfonso Cortes-Cavanillas
The big question is what's inside the nucleus that exploded. What is there. What is so dangerous that had to bury and seal it is ungovernable. Valery mind that, after the explosion, the reactor fuel melted the metal, chrome, wiring, cement, boron, everything was there and everything pounced to cover it, creating a magma still active: "It is a new material is new, from the moment that melted became something different. Muto ... ".
A single incandescent mass, the corium as some call scientists, this new element in the reactor is still there, dormant, call the art of the six extremes: extremely powerful, extremely hot, extremely dense, extremely corrosive, highly toxic and extremely radioactive. Valery recognizes that while carrying 26 years studying, measuring temperature, humidity, density, gas concentration, the level of gamma rays and beta, have no idea of how it will evolve. It's like a monster incubating inside a huge concrete sarcophagus built in a rush for all those liquidators. Sealing the concrete coffin is cracking, so a new one is being built, much larger, and intends to bury the nuclear magma for another 100 years. "We're really putting the decision of what to do with the number four reactor, delaying the solution to the development of a new technique, a new formula to treat the nuclear magma, some kind of container, do not know, something." And he says the deputy general director of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the man in charge of dismantling the facility, responsible for that which is in there still there. Scary ...
The documentary 'The city doomsday' is broadcast on Canal + on January 23.
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