スペインの労働改革(改悪？)は雇用破壊を加速する、失業を増大させる
La reforma acelera la caída del empleo
La recesión actual es más dañina para el mercado laboral que la de 2009
El año pasado, por cada punto perdido de PIB se destruyeron 531.000 trabajos
Manuel V. Gómez Madrid 26 ENE 2013 - 22:09 CET
The reform accelerates the decline in employment
The current recession is more harmful to the labor market in 2009
Last year, for each point of GDP lost 531,000 jobs were destroyed
Manuel V. Gomez Madrid 26 ENE 2013 - 22:09 CET
No reform of the labor market creates jobs in a recession. This axiom is shared across the globe work. Instead, it is required of a standard of that caliber to halt the fall. That sought enacted in February 2012. Nearly 12 months later, it is concluded that without success. Unemployment has risen from 22.8% to 26%. Even when compared to what happened in the last year with what happened in 2009, another dismal year for employment as a result of a recession, it is observed that the collapse has accelerated. And this happens in a labor market that has not stopped falling in the last five years.
Four years ago crushed 1.2 million jobs in 2012 were 850,000. Instead, while in 2009 the Spanish economy fell to an average of 3.7% last year to 1.3% did. The same is true if the focus is only on employees, the collective labor reform affecting: in the worst quarter of the Great Recession came falling to 406,000 jobs per point of GDP was lost, but now, in the quarter less bad whack was 531,000 per point of GDP. The difference is exacerbated when the comparison is given only to employees who have a steady job.
"These changes have to be made when there is growth," emphasizes Professor Dolado
The labor reform was mandated correct endemic in Spain: the large number of jobs that destroyed every time a recession comes. That facilitated companies unilateral wage cuts, transfers or reduced working hours. It was intended that the so-called internal flexibility, was the first choice to the economic problems. But the same law facilitated and cheapened the dismissal. "Such reforms have to be made in times of growth. Then it creates jobs. Now its immediate effect is more destruction, but in the medium term will have positive effects "analyzes Juan José Dolado, Professor of Economics at the University Carlos III, in favor of sweeping changes in labor legislation.
"I can agree with some elements of the reform, but certainly not to the time it was implemented," says Jesus Cruz Villalon, professor of labor law. "Labour reforms must accompany the cycle and can be made milder or more severe job losses. And this has become more intense, "he adds.
Less time
Temporality has fallen to 23% of salaried employment in 2012, a historically low figure. The reform would address "the cancer of the Spanish labor market", as defined by the great weight Dolado Professor of temporary contracts in Spain. But this fall has not arrived by legislative action, but job losses.
The non-renewal of contracts was the route by which evaporated almost half a million jobs in 2012, not the new contract created in the reform to dismiss without compensation for the first year. That figure has not been a spike in permanent contracts, which fell 2.2%. Only other figures replaced existing laboralista Cruz Villalon explains.
Prescriptions for ending this disease vary greatly according to the doctor. Dolado argues that imposing a single contract without distinction between permanent and temporary compensation have increased, according to his studies, would have prevented 40% unemployment during this crisis. Miguel Angel Garcia, CC OO, argues that the solution is regulatory changes, but in controlling abuses in the use of temporary contracts.
To Santiago Soler, Adecco, lack role of temporary employment. "It may seem a paradox, but in European countries where more presence do temporary work agencies (TWA), unless there is temporary. We should be able to use training contracts or new when our client is a small company, "explains. Soler Another complaint is the lack of development of active policies. Are you satisfied with the reform has allowed the ETT intermediation in the labor market, "but has not yet signed or a partnership with autonomous or Employment. Action is needed, not another reform. "
Employment Minister Fatima Banez, disagrees. On Friday objected that "was beginning to slow job losses." Resorted to various data, including the registered unemployed, a statistic administrative much less scientific value than the labor force survey, economists warn. It is true that the most damaging quarter employment measured in relation to the performance of the economy is the first of 2012, a period in which the reform has just set in motion and its effects are barely noticeable. But it is also true that each of the three trimestresposteriores is worse than any of the Great Recession, whatever criterion is used: total employment, wage-earning population, permanent workers or public employees.
"The facts are stubborn. The reform is producing effects in other ways, but not in employment. Internal flexibility sought to be an alternative, but it is true that it has not yet come, "admits Adecco General Secretary, Santiago Soler, whose joint opinion of the reform is positive.
Vision hardens when asked to Antonio Gonzalez, a member of Economists deal with the crisis. "Acceleration has nothing to do with GDP, but with something else. With what? With labor reform, with the regulatory change. It is the only change compared to 2009, "says the former chief of staff of Valeriano Gómez, last Socialist labor minister. Gonzalez presents a very worrying calculation: job losses regardless construction qoq grows, especially in recent months.
Difficult to understand the scale of job losses if you consider the alternative of internal flexibility itself is working. Wages are holding conventions, many redundancies are accompanied by reductions in salary for those who do not lose their jobs and sags agreements have multiplied. And prices rise 2.9%.
Despite the reform, or because of it, in this recession is taking the labor adjustment by two ways: destruction of jobs and wage restraint. "Internal flexibility is still an alternative to dismissal. Moderation is not due to the reform. In 2010 and 2011 no moderation in labor costs. And now the job losses per point of GDP is double that in 2009, "explains Miguel Angel Garcia, chief of staff of CC OO studies.
Now, the labor adjustment layoffs combined with declines in wages
Contrary to this, on Friday appealed Banez statistics sagging employment regulations and convention to say that only 16% of the collective measures of adjustment applied in companies resort to dismissal. But this is a very partial data and, consequently, very distorted. The bulk of terminations in Spain comes via individual, 88% of the total.
In line with the position of Banez, is Salvador del Rey, Cuatrecasas labor lawyer: "My experience tells me that the fall is due to the economic context. No evidence has been cheapened or facilitated the dismissal with the judgments [in reference to twenty sentences long invalidity or illegality of so many redundancies]. What I see is that the regulations that destroy jobs if there were decreases in wages, there would be more rescissions. "
However, Del Rey, Professor of Labour Law also warns that his observations are confined to the private sphere, and admits that the public itself that destroys many jobs and that it provided the government with the decree of February. "The reform gives legal certainty to the ERE in the administration, that is."
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