スペインの学校の中途退学率は2008年の32%から2012年の25%に減少
La paradoja del regreso a las aulas
El abandono educativo baja por cuarto año alcanzando un nuevo mínimo
Los especialistas advierten: sin un esfuerzo extra, la mejora solo durará lo que la crisis
J. A. Aunión Madrid 2 FEB 2013 - 21:45 CET
The paradox of the return to the classroom
The low educational neglect for the fourth year reaching a new low
Experts warn: without extra effort, the improvement will last only what the crisis
J. A. Aunión Madrid 2 FEB 2013 - 21:45 CET
If he found work, leave now, "said Junior Japa, 18, in downtown adults Inca (Mallorca). Beside her, Maria Cobos (22 years) agrees: "You have to catch it when there is, then you do not know." Despite his doubts, Mary is part of the thousands of young people who have taken up the books fleeing a crisis that youth unemployment has risen to 55%, and Junior is one of the many others that years ago had left school after compulsory, but in this context are continuing. Between them have reduced early drop in Spain until the lowest figure reminiscent statistics: 24.9%, according to the advance estimate for 2012 by the Federation of Teaching CCOO data from the Survey of Force (tenths vary with education official data).
Junior and Mary, who have taken up this course studies and they still have another three to pull out the secondary title, with all your questions, plus offer the perfect image of the fragility of the great improvement that has occurred from 31.9 % drop in 2008, before the crisis, to 24.9% today. The figure, despite everything, still leave Spain among the two or three worst in Europe, far from the average, in 2011 was 13.5%.
This statistic reflects how many people 18 to 24 have left school without getting at least a bachelor's degree or vocational training, basic skills without which, back in 2020, it will be almost impossible to find employment, according to the European Commission. So the important thing is that the kids end up getting the title (and the skills and abilities that accompany them), not to return to class more digestible by the statistic, this is only the first step, although the EU has set a target to reduce early drop 10% in 2020. For Spain (where the goal is 15%), economists have pointed this way as crucial to leave behind the production model of the brick and services.
For now, the decline of abandonment is occurring more strongly in younger: having risen from 25.5% to 15.7% at 18 years, while at 24, from 34.3% to 31.2 %, depending on the job in the Cabinet of Studies Teaching CCOO has calculated and analyzed the figures of 2012. These data predict that age will drop down "if you do not change the other factors", ie if Junior and Mary are still without jobs.
The figure drops to 24.9% in 2012, according to a study of CCOO Teaching
Baleares has been one of the most paradigmatic of dropouts in Spain: employment much easier not attracting qualified from outside and from inside a school system unable to counter that magnet. Now, during the crisis, is one of the communities most reduced (from 43.2% to 30.1%), with Murcia (from 41% to 27.7%) and La Rioja (37.2 % to 22.8%).
Although not as high as in other places, youth unemployment reached 42.84% Balearics. Meanwhile, enrollment in adult ESO has tripled since 2008, and FP intermediate level has increased by almost 70%. Throughout Spain, access for adults has grown around 41% and the FP average 35%.
"Like the abandonment has no single cause, no return," says Jose Manuel Patricio Martin, director of the Adult Education Center of Inca Borja Moll. This is one of the most industrial of Mallorca (with shoe factories, mostly), but has also relied heavily on seasonal work related to tourism.
In the adult center, students have increased by 30%, but could grow, the director added: "We have the space and demand, but staff resources," he admits.
After years of great improvements, between 2011 and 2012 the dropout rate in Ireland fell just six tenths. This "slowdown" has been in Spain, the study of CC OO: only 1.6 points better than a year earlier, the large decline was between 2009 and 2010. Moreover, they point with concern the rise of abandonment between 2011 and 2012 in Navarra (1.3 points), Galicia (2.3), Madrid (2.4) and Extremadura (2.6).
It remains the worst in Europe,
Despite progress since 2008
Francisco Garcia, head of teaching union interprets improved because of social context begins to peak, while the authorities are not putting enough of you. "Of the more than 800,000 young people aged 18 to 24 have been abandoned early, around 400,000 are unemployed, 310,000 are occupied, some 130,000 inactive. Half will have neither the ESO. These kids require a specific program to improve their personal and professional, "says the report.
In the past two years, the Inca Borja Moll has lost eight teachers, to stay at 26. Schools and colleges are suffering balearic cuts like other communities: this year has reduced its workforce by 590 teachers (5.1%) and education budgets of the islands have fallen by 7.9% since 2010.
This is the paradox of education: the crisis is finally hitting the desks more students, but because of the crisis the school that has received far less resources. Since 2010, public budgets for schools and universities have lost more than 6,300 million euros (representing, for example, tens of thousands of teachers less) and the government forecast is to reach 10,000 million cumulative cuts until 2015.
The director general of the Balearic Government Academic, Onofre Ferrer, talk to the inevitable resignation of "austerity", but stresses the improvement due to a "great job", and "stuff", such as cooperation between employment and education or effort courses to prepare for entrance exams to the FP. "Maybe there's been a change of attitude in families about the importance of education," the president of the Association of Directors of Balearic Institute, Antoni Quintana.
From the Canaries, the Vice President and Minister of Education, José Miguel Pérez, also spoke last week of changing social attitudes to celebrate that there has lowered to 28.3% drop. Chest and took out their policies, templates for teachers maintaining or increasing the supply of FP.
But be concerned, just as some experts say, that figure has dropped more where it was higher, and it is due to the economic environment. Glancing at the map of abandonment since 2008, the answer seems clear: autonomy that have improved since high figures (Balearic Islands, La Rioja, Murcia and Castilla-La Mancha) or lower (Cantabria and Navarra), the need to , spending above average and below cutting, have greatly improved (La Rioja and Balearic Islands) or too little (Asturias and Galicia), and you can see big advances in autonomy with very good results in international tests such as PISA (La Rioja) and with disastrous results (Murcia).
La Rioja, Murcia and the Balearic Islands are the communities that improve
"Spain is one of the countries in which the decline is mainly due to neglect of the economic cycle change and educational policies," says economist at the University of Leuven (Belgium) Kristof De Witte. The teacher looked in 2012, together with the specialist at the University of Maastricht (Netherlands) Sofie J. Cabus, lower abandonment in Europe, 14.9% in 2008 to 13.5% in 2011.
However, the previous Socialist Government said in 2011 that the improvement also had to do with the more than 6,000 million euros were injected extra schools with the development of the current school law (LOE) between 2006 and 2010. You might have to do or not (think De Witte), but if he did, and will not make it, then cutting and amply exceeds that amount, and has swept many of the programs that were promoted to create school places for children under three years or to support students with difficulties as PROA plans.
The Ministry of Education led by José Ignacio Wert has long insisted that Spain's problem is not resource-pointing precisely to the cost incurred by, among other things, the efforts of the LOE-but its structure and give reform achieved around the time the poor performance in PISA and abandonment. Ensure you get more flexible and forward the ways to FP or high school and simplifying the curriculum.
However, critics respond that reform matters worse by putting more obstacles to students, for example, bar exams at the end of compulsory or becoming a dead the PCPI. These initial vocational qualification programs try to rehire kids who have one foot out of the system, introducing them in a trade while advancing basic knowledge. Now, they allow, approving an extra course, removed the title of ESO and even without it, the previous government's idea was to give direct access to the FP medium grade. Wert driven reform provides neither a possibility nor the other, but the labor market or an entrance test to get FP.
Experts, like Julio Carabaña, insist that a portion of the blame for the drop is due to the system itself, ie that "the LOGSE [education law passed in the nineties], to dignify the FP, it prohibited all Students who do not graduate in that, "says the professor of the Complutense in a text entitled A Vindication of the Spanish schools. It is now crucial: if in 2005 there were more young people leaving school with the title under his arm (64%), are today little more than half.
From CC OO reject educational reform and cuts relate to the stagnation in the improvement of abandonment. They estimate that could end the problem with some 5,000 million euros over the next four years to create specific programs for these students, beyond pilot schemes FP (teaching halfway between school and work). "If you offer them the same thing will not work," said Francisco Garcia.
"Ugh, the school does not know is a lot of material," says Jesus, 18. After repeating 3 º ESO, decided to test free access to FP medium grade. Approved and enrolled in Industrial Maintenance, but abandoned: "I found it very difficult," he explains. Now he has taken up studies in adults Antonio Machado center of Segovia. In Castilla y León has grown by 42% FP intermediate and 30% adult education since 2008 (the abandonment has dropped from 26% to 21.5%), but the center, however, has not noticed more demand pressure, says its director, Juan Carlos Garcia. The teacher recognizes that many are disengaged because they find work, but lacking resources.
In the adult center Balearic Borja Moll, however, would like to have an entire department of education and employment guidance as an institute. In the adult ESO, less than half of those enrolled reach examined.
Asked about the concern that the number of abandoned ski lift rises again when employment, general manager of the Balearic Government Academic responds: "Well, almost, that would be a bad desirable ...".
Fired from the factory, unemployed and without the ESO
Manuel Madaula.
Manuel Madaula has today 23 years. Account that had to be put to work at 16, just as the law allowed him to leave school, "for family reasons", ie at home because money was needed. So he went to work in a biscuit factory in Inca, Mallorca, where long-lived, the same factory where his father still works. First, his job was to contain and then went on to develop logistics work. "It was long hours, but it was fun," he says.
Two years ago, the crisis came to the company as "redundancy". They threw seven or eight, among them Manuel. "I was looking for, but I knew that without the graduate was not going to find anything." Manuel had studied up to third in the ESO, course repeated once. Just as he was to repeat a second left.
So he started last year in the adult education center of Inca in that course. He says he has found it either very difficult or very traumatic or return books. This year, hopefully, will be taken by the title of secondary order.
"I convinced my sister to follow"
Maria Cobos. / ISAAC BUJ
"I've convinced to continue studying." Maria Cobos, 22, talks about her sister, 16, and how recently persuaded not to abandon their studies, to go ahead in a program of initial professional qualification (PCPI). These are different ways to try to retain the kids who are worse, teaching them a trade while still increasing in some core subjects. He did not want her sister to make the same mistake she: leave school without the mandatory title.
Although Mary did not leave, however, to study at 16: did a training course of a famous beauty chain (not official) to work in the salon of his mother. But financial problems forced them to close the establishment and pushed her odd jobs, replacements or reinforcements. A precarious today still does, but he combines with the studies. He says that cost, especially mathematics and still has a long way to go: it's in the first Secondary School for Adults and are four courses.
From high school to the adult center
Junior Japa. / ISAAC BUJ
Junior Japa is a boy of 18 years is taken very cheerful life with philosophy. Study in the center of Inca adults because it is what touches, "because there is no work untitled" he says. But if any - "of what was, of peeler" - and not hesitate for a second: I would accept and, if necessary, leave studies. But for now, there is not.
Born in the Dominican Republic, Junior came to Spain at age eight. His father is a carpenter, his mother is unemployed and has a 15 year old brother still in high school.
Junior, though they state very willing to do and what others have done probably in good economic times, has never come to swell the statistics of early school leaving. Secondary Education passed a program of initial professional qualification (PCPI) which suspended twice. So the institute has gone directly to the course of the adult school, which starts again from the beginning, the first high school: three courses you have left to get the title.
In the third, six years later, is the charm
Cristina Huerta. / ISAAC BUJ
The first time I left was because he did not study, just do not see the point. He was 16. Now, at 22, Cristina Huerta that returned the books a couple of years later, but definitely a bit to explain why it came time to test examined free of that when he was about to do. In the end it is decided: "It's okay, it's because I was pregnant." His girl called Jennifer and now two years old.
Although employment is seasonal from March to October, Huerta has not become unemployed: for years maintained a job at an industrial laundry. So your reason to go back to school is not, as in many other cases, unemployment. The reason is simply to "improve" explains sheepishly.
Cristina Huerta, who lives with his parents, both shoemakers in a long tradition, focuses on this second year of ESO, we are two to get the basic degree. "And then we'll see, step by step", answers the question of whether to continue studies after FP or, perhaps, in high school and, perhaps, in the University.
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