スペインの2012年の物価上昇率は2'9%で、賃金上昇は1'3%なので、スペインの労働者の実質賃金(実質購買力)は1'6%の減少
Los asalariados sufren el mayor retroceso de poder adquisitivo desde 1982
Los asalariados pierden 1,6 puntos de poder adquisitivo, el mayor retroceso desde 1982
Los convenios nuevos registran aumentos de salarios de apenas un 0,7%
En los pactos rubricados en años anteriores, y todavía vigentes, el incremento es del 1,54%
Ofertas de empleo en EL PAÍS
Manuel V. Gómez Madrid 11 ENE 2013 - 23:39 CET
Fuentes: Ministerio de Empleo, INE y elaboración propia.
Employees suffer the biggest drop in purchasing power since 1982
Employees lose 1.6 points of purchasing power, the biggest drop since 1982
The new agreements recorded wage increases of only 0.7%
In the agreements initialed in previous years, and still in force, the increase is 1.54%
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Manuel V. Gomez Madrid 11 ENE 2013 - 23:39 CET
Also 2012 was a good year for wages. It was not for the job, it was not for the public accounts, it was not for the finances, and could not be for salaries. In just 12 months rose 1.3%, according to the Ministry of Employment. The lowest increase in the time series, which dates back to 1981. Meanwhile, prices rose by 2.9%. The subtraction of the two data concludes that employees lost 1.6 percentage points of purchasing power. One must go back to 1982 when inflation was at 14% to find a similar difference at the end of the year.
The pressure on wages grew last year. On one hand, CEOE and the main trade unions, UGT and CCOO, reached an agreement for its containment. The central recommended that their representatives in the negotiating tables that did not demand rises above 0.5% and the employer advised not cede theirs beyond this percentage. And although both were not entirely faithful to the advice of his superiors, yes that was achieved largely objective: new agreements signed this year has been agreed increase of 0.7%. The average increase of 1.3% is added to the still existing statistical conventions of previous years, in which the rise reaches 1.5%.
moreSpain suffers the biggest drop in purchasing power in 27 yearsInflation remains at 2.9% at end-2012 for the tax burdenThe loss of purchasing power is heightened
On the other hand, inflation has risen much more than expected. That pact offered wage moderation in return for restraint on prices for the effort (and the loss of purchasing power is lower). But gasoline last year rose 3.7%. The Government has put in more wood to the fire of the IPC to raise VAT, tuition fees and health copayment. And finally, have repeatedly denounced as a rare and unusual unison the Bank of Spain and the unions, the effort of employees has not been matched by employers in reducing their profit margins. With these elements provisional CPI balance in the absence of confirmation by next Tuesday, was 2.9%.
The result has been that wages have been devalued by 1.6 percentage points. However, we must bear in mind that this is a provisional figure and definitely not closed until a couple of years later (many companies and sectors that have signed agreements several months and even a year after the old has expired). Furthermore, not yet computed the impact of the start-up of the review clauses that guarantee workers' purchasing power, which covers only 41.8% of employees with agreement. However, the wage pact unions and employers designed a type of clause that limited its effect to the increase in inflation in the euro zone, which in December stood at 2.2%. So the umbrella of the wage guarantee is less than in other years.
But the pressure on wages is not limited to data that are reflected in these statistics. Is greater. So probably the loss of purchasing power exceeds 1.6 points above. Why? To start this series includes only employees covered by collective bargaining, around 10 million workers. Of these, only six million have an agreement in full force and that means that their economic clauses do not operate until it is renewed. Consequence: his salary is actually frozen.
Wage moderation has been the hallmark of what happened to wages in 2012
This element must be added one that came on the scene with the labor reform: the possibility for employers to unilaterally reduce any salary that is above what was agreed in an agreement and easier to breach the agreement on these, so called sags. None of these elements contained in the statistics, so we can conclude without much risk of error that the loss of purchasing power of wages is higher reflecting the data.
Wage moderation was one of the avowed purposes of the Government to reform the labor and social agents with the pact last year. Being part of the Eurozone, Spain can not devalue its currency, the traditional and simple mechanism for an economy to recover competitiveness (in the crisis of the nineties was resorted to devaluation of the peseta several times). So the other way is wage devaluation to reduce production costs, a much more slow, conflicted and dangerous.
All elements have combined in 2012 to contain wages, still alive in this year. The covenant of income, valid until 2014, recommended that the salary increase this year from 0.6%. More and more companies are turning to agreements sags. Logic dictates that the trend will continue and probably worsen in 2013. And here's the danger: what in principle, according to economic theory, it is good to gain competitiveness, may, without detach much of the same theory, become a risk if the loss of purchasing power is excessive and eventually sink the already very hurt domestic consumption.
Companies rises higher Pactan
Labor reform attended one of the historical claims of more liberal economic positions: the senior legal agreements signed in companies agreed on a sectoral basis. Why the demand? Because companies are agreed traditionally lower wage increases and that allows them to be more competitive and better face times of crisis.
In response to this theory, the reform listened to the liberal thesis. Instead, just this year, the wage increases agreed in companies exceed beyond those agreed for the first time at the regional and sectoral: 1.35% versus 1.35%.
Also wonder what happened to collective bargaining in December when he accelerated his pace quickened. In just one month there were 644 agreements. The climb was used by 31 December 3611 agreements were registered, 79 more than at the same date in 2011.
During the year, collective bargaining has been a very slow pace. Stood at record lows compared with the usual data of the statistical series, which starts in 1981. When explaining why collective bargaining has stalled, unions talk about a backlog of previous years and the consequences of labor reform. In this standard, approved by decree in February, changed basic parameters of collective bargaining without agreeing with the social. Traditionally legal changes without agreement in this section of the labor market ultimately generate the social resistance when applying. This happened in 1994, when it became a reform without consensus, and seems to be happening this time.
But arreón not served to end collective bargaining in 2012 protected them more workers than in 2011, 6.07 million vs. 6.2. This is because the final increase is due mainly to agreements signed in companies where the number of employees to whom the agreement is generally lower than in other areas.
The end of the year does not mean you close the estadísitica convention of that year. During this year still recorded covenants regarding 2012 for which will increase both the number of workers as the covenants under its umbrella.
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