スペインのBankia銀行の合併の失敗と,不動産の不良債権による経営悪化、破綻。
Balance de un fracaso
Bankia nació herida por la unión de cajas debilitadas por ruinosas inversiones inmobiliarias
Los consejeros de Caja Madrid aprobaron la fusión sin conocer datos clave de Bancaja
Rato optó por una huida hacia adelante tras heredar una entidad amenazada por los créditos fallidos
José Manuel Romero 8 JUN 2012 - 00:00 CET
Balance of failure
Bankia born by the union of wound boxes weakened by ruinous investment property
The directors of Caja Madrid approved the merger without knowing key data Bancaja
Rato chose a headlong rush after inheriting an entity threatened by bad loans
José Manuel Romero 8 JUN 2012 - 00:00 CET
The first bank in terms of assets in Spain has clay feet tucked into a swamp. His bankruptcy has pushed the government to nationalize it. It's called Financial Savings Bank (BFA). It results from the merger of seven savings banks including Caja Madrid, the fourth largest in Spain by Bancaja-size-and sixth.
BFA is in turn majority shareholder of Bankia, the bank which includes the healthy assets of seven integrated savings. The 48% stake in Bankia, the rest remains in the hands of BFA-went public last July at a price of 3.75 euros per share, now barely a euro and is in freefall.
Only two years after its birth, BFA and Bankia, with 11.5 million customers, 4,000 branches throughout Spain and deployed a market share of 10%, has become the biggest financial fiasco in the history of the country. '
Mariano Rajoy entity decided to intervene in May and sacrifice his president, Rodrigo Rato, leaving the back door of failure even though he is not considered guilty for what happened.
The operation facilitated the union of the seven cases was driven by the Bank of Spain, supported by the Socialist government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, authorized by Executive popular Valencia and Madrid and blessed by the boards of all cases.
Only two years after its birth, BFA and Bankia have become the biggest financial fiasco in the history of the country
This ambitious commitment bank guarantees had all officers are now under suspicion of fraud and forgery with an ongoing investigation into the prosecution. In addition, the feasibility of BFA and Bankia depends injection of public funds than 19,000 million euros.
A catastrophic situation than anyone had imagined just five years ago. In 2007, won 2860 Caja Madrid and Bancaja million euros, 491 million. Between them, almost the same amount as last year BFA lost, the bank is now the groups (3.318 million).
In just five years, it went from an excellent income statement to a resounding failure with serious consequences. The collapse of the financial colossus newborn is due, according to experts, in several cases.
- The economic crisis that emerged in late 2007 has caused more than three million new unemployed, which has unleashed a relentless rise in defaults in banks. The entities that have granted more mortgages, as Caja Madrid, have been hit hardest. Your credit suffers.
- The risk investments in land acquired or loans to developers soared to become unbearable because of the bursting of the housing bubble.
- The grouping of savings banks that have identical holes failed investments linked to brick compounded their problems.
- The limited capacity of some management teams of savings taking wrong decisions complicates the hole exit.
"Caja Madrid accompanied Spain's productive model based on the brick. And he did as pupil "
To try to explain what happened, the country has collected version of a dozen directors and former directors of Bankia, BFA and Caja Madrid, has asked some political leaders who have lived through the crisis very closely, and has asked experts for agreements adopted in these five years in major savings which stars the failed experience.
1. - BALANCE
Bankia is the sum of the healthy assets of seven savings banks. The new entity is one in ten loans to customers in Spain (190,000 million at the end of 2010) and in deposit, one in ten euros saved by citizens (139,000 million). Mortgage loans account for 45% of its loan portfolio, with a delinquency rate of 5.7%. Loans to property developers in 2011 totaled 33,000 million with a 16% default, almost five times that recorded defaults on loans to individuals for house purchase.
The colossal size of its difficulties in Bankia becomes a national tragedy. Its creation in late 2010 with the sum of the best bargains of centenarians savings intended to solve future problems. Now, many believe that the merger past problems worsened.
2. - FORCED CONVERSION
The socialist government in 2009 prompted the restructuring process of the Spanish banking system with the intention to strengthen the savings banks through mergers underpinned with huge amounts of public money. The government sought to avoid bankruptcy and financial institutions that lacked sufficient capital to meet its bad debt and failed investments because of the economic crisis and real estate.
Politicians of the Board almost never rejected the proposals
technician
Caja Madrid began in 2009 to explore possibilities for integration with other entities. Its president Miguel Blesa, which in 1996 peaked at the hand of his friend José María Aznar, considered the possibility of merging with any entity Caja Madrid Galician or Valencian Mediterranean Savings Bank (CAM). "They told us then that presidents informal meetings Francisco Camps and Alberto Núñez Feijoo opposed. Blesa knew the Mediterranean Savings Bank was wrong, but was small and thought it might be a good business in the medium term, "says an adviser. "At that time," says another, "and explained that Bancaja Blesa served not as a couple because it was a bottomless pit." 2009 was a lost year in the search for a suitable partner for Caja Madrid secured encarase crossing the desert of the economic crisis. A lost year in which the financial storm was not the worst that you downloaded on Caja Madrid.
3. - THE BATTLE FOR POWER
Esperanza Aguirre, president of the Community of Madrid, deployed in 2009 a tenacious battle to take over the bank. Its main objective was to oust Blesa, arguing that he had already covered the maximum term for the position, and replace him who was his right hand, the regional vice president, Ignacio Gonzalez. It mattered little that lacked experience in the banking and parties, including PP, defended the need to depoliticize the boxes. Aguirre reproduced an old custom in Caja Madrid whereby politicians of one party or another, permeating the posts of its board of directors if they lacked the right skills. Even today, the wives of senators PP counselors or unqualified to fill these positions are placed on boards of companies Caja Madrid, politicians like the PSOE or IU unprepared. Rato council signed for Bankia to Carmen Cavero, Ignacio Gonzalez-law of his wife and partner in an art gallery.
In the struggle to put Gonzalez in front of Caja Madrid, President Aguirre ran into the mayor Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón, who barricaded himself in defense of Blesa. The internal struggle in the PP by the power of Caja Madrid scandal became public. Months after the stark dispute, Rajoy beat Rodrigo Rato for the post. Aguirre conceded defeat and Ruiz-Gallardón was satisfied.
4. - TIME RECEIVED AND HERITAGE
In January 2010, with the pending merger of Caja Madrid, Rato took office, recomposed alliances within the Board of Directors a mandate to ensure stable and prepared for the future in an entity that was beginning to suffer the result of their balance sheets a frantic race to the bottom.
A demonstrator protests outside the headquarters of Bankia Madrid, after the crisis of the state, April 14 / Samuel Sanchez
"Blesa had relaunched Caja Madrid to make it the fourth largest financial institution in Spain. In 2006 won and 1,000 million euros a year. In 2007 achieved historic earnings of 2,860 million profit after selling 10% of Endesa (105 million shares) for twice the price at which it was bought. There came a time when the default was so low that everything relaxed, "says a former board member of Caja Madrid.
"Why so many gave credit to developers and many loans to households for house purchase?" Asks now a former counselor who was at the time of the historical benefits. And he answers: "Well, what we did was accompany financially production model that was at that time in Spain. A model based primarily on the brick ". "Yes," laments another. "We were the outstanding students of that model. Dimos more credits and embarked on more transactions than anyone. " Between 2004 and 2006 were started each year in Spain more than 600,000 homes free. In 2010, barely reached 100,000.
Politicians try to defend his silence before the runaway real estate business in which Caja Madrid tangled. Remember that each loan more importantly affecting the media-passed by the board of directors. All directors received days before a report of each transaction with a financial committee proposal Caja Madrid. These documents explain the proposed transaction, the guarantees thereof, the sources to repay the loan, the customer profile and an assessment of the viability of the business. Politicians who sat on the board of directors, as have several of them, almost never rejected the proposals of the technicians. With this procedure, Caja Madrid paid to Martinsa-Fadesa 1,000 million euros for the purchase of land for Spain, and participated in a syndicated loan of 4,000 million to Metrovacesa for office rental business that was a fiasco and forcing Caja Madrid to stay with 9% of the company. The entity also came with large sums of money in strategic operations for the Government of the Community of Madrid that yielded substantial losses and whose viability is uncertain, as the Warner Park in San Martin de la Vega, with an investment of 200 million euros; the radial toll or train Arganda.
Politicians of the Board
Proposals rarely rejected
technician
Rato took office in January 2010 when the company was no longer benefit billionaires and into difficulties by the new solvency requirements demanded by the Bank of Spain.
5. - FUSION
Rato went looking, in collaboration with the Bank of Spain, allies to face the uncertain future. "We were all prepared for integration with five small savings banks [Caja Insular Savings Canarias, Caja de Ávila, Caixa Laietana, Caja Segovia and Caja Rioja]," says a director of Caja Madrid. "But one day Rato came and told us that the Bank of Spain had ordered that the integration is also made with Bancaja. It was a surprise. " But no one raised his voice to say no.
"The merger of Caja Madrid and Bancaja was a marriage at gunpoint," said May 17 Esperanza Aguirre was already known when the outbreak of the crisis BFA and Bankia. Two years ago, when there was a merger, approved by the Government of the Community of Madrid, President Aguirre said something different: "It is good news for all the Spanish financial system but especially for Madrid since this new box will be the largest financial institution in Spain. It's very positive right now suits all the Spanish and, of course, to the citizens of Madrid. "
The day the Board of Directors of Caja Madrid approved the merger in late July 2010, at least two directors asked disaggregated data of each of the savings banks with which the operation would produce. "We got global data and Rato said he could not give us information on the internals of each of the cases with which we were going to merge." Integration came with the endorsement of Deloitte audits and supported by the Bank of Spain, of the Governing Committee of the Bank Restructuring Fund and the Ministry of Economy. "We do not push especially this operation," said a minister Zapatero. "It was a bank who wanted Rajoy PP powerful they could control." A socialist councilor Caja Madrid offers a different version, explaining that Virgilio Zapatero, former minister and vice president of the bank, defended among his vote in favor of the merger because it wanted the governor of the Bank of Spain and the central government. There was a merger at gunpoint but it was a merger with all the data in hand. Was approved unanimously.
Five months later, at the regular meeting of planning taking place at the Parador de Toledo, Rato and Caja Madrid executives directors explained some details about Bancaja. "We saw that delinquency was twice that Caja Madrid with half size. We detailed the amount of real estate companies in which it participated Rato Bancaja and even said he had to hire the best real estate to manage all brick, "said one of those present at the meeting. The best commercial real estate not be able to get anything good from the estates of soil and bricks treasured boxes. A Bankia executive explains: "When we asked for a list of the most attractive land in Valencia to be marketed, we spoke of land in beachfront and when we went to see them with soil to 500 meters from the sea and behind a highway. We found another box that promoted a development of 1,000 homes in villages of 800 inhabitants. " "When we met Bancaja data in the Toledo meeting, we began to fear that he had gotten into a cancer Caja Madrid so big that we could not resist. Although Bancaja had good industrial holdings, such as Iberdrola, we soon realized that real estate was not worth his hole, "says an adviser.
Despite the bad news, Rato continued its headlong rush to compose teams that rewarded as never been done in Caja Madrid. Some political advisers who arrived at the stage of Blesa and continued in the command of Rato, multiplied by three and four income. "They charge between 80,000 and 120,000 euros annually Blesa but Rato, with a salary of 2.4 million, were put in BFA or Bankia and some even charge up to € 500,000. In the councils, nobody asked flinch or lower wages. " There was never in such large salaries boxes with poor results.
6. - THE RESCUE
When Rodrigo Rato preparing his latest move to escape bankruptcy and had agreed last May with the Bank of Spain a viability plan - aid of 6,350 million euros and guaranteed benefits at the end of 2012 - the government nationalized BFA and brushed of the presidency. His replacement, Jose Ignacio Gorigolzarri approved losses of 3,300 million which were recorded profits of more than 300 million, and uncovered a hole of 23,000 million was needed to cover public funds to secure the wellhead. When they met the new reality, some counselors exploded: "We are not criminals."
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