198の非暴力·平和的抗議の方法(Gene Sharp)
A propósito del "escrache": 198 formas de protesta no-violenta
Por: José Ignacio Torreblanca| 03 de abril de 2013
About the "escrache": 198 ways nonviolent protest
By Jose Ignacio Torreblanca | April 3, 2013
The controversy has emerged in recent days around the political harassment ("escrache") launched by the Platform of People Affected by Mortgages (PAH) reminded me of the work of Gene Sharp, arguably the world's largest specialist in forms of nonviolent protest.
Most likely is that Sharp does not know slang or know the origins of this curious blending argentinismo "escracho" (photography) and "escrachar" (break, in this case, the honor of the object of condemnation). [See Bulletin of the Academia Argentina de Letras, Volume LXVIII, No. 267-268, January-June 2003]
But the fact is that a seemingly harmless Gene Sharp professor emeritus of political science at the University of Massachusetts born in Ohio in 1928 is credited with being the inspiration behind the protests that toppled Slobodan Milosevic in Serbia, Victor Yanukovich in Ukraine and Hosni Mubarak in Egypt.
Gene Sharp is the author of many works on peaceful resistance, non-violence and protests against authoritarian regimes. From modest Institute "Albert Einstein" and with the help of a web page and dozens of volunteers around the world, Professor Sharp has made his research work have a global impact. [See for example his works in Castilian, translated and available for free on their website]
His book "From Dictatorship to Democracy" was written for the Nobel Peace Prize Aung San Suu Kyi and both Iranian and Venezuelan authorities and Russian (alas, always the same companies!) Have tried numerous times discredit him associating with the CIA or other conspiratorial organizations.
But if you read his work, you will see that there is no trap or cardboard: Sharp is just a good researcher who has compiled the most extensive catalog of forms of non-violent protest and studied carefully how seemingly solid regimes in the world have ended up falling driven by a few people. His thesis is simple and can be summarized as:
"When people refuse to cooperate, refuses to help and persist in this disobedience and challenging position, you are denying your opponent the basic human cooperation and support any government or hierarchical system requires. If enough people do, and for a long enough time, that government or hierarchical system lost power. "
Then the 198 methods of nonviolent protest, along with the link to the book "The non-violent political struggle: criteria and methods". Sure that they find interesting.
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Formal statements1. Public SpeechesTwo. Letters of rejection or supportThree. Declarations by organizations and institutions (statement of priests in Vichy France against the deportation of Jews)April. Signed public statementsMay. Declarations of indictment and intention disclosureJune. Petitions group or mass
Communication addressed to wider audiencesJuly. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols (Baum Jewish group in Berlin, 1941-1942)August. Banners, posters and other visual media9. Leaflets, brochures and books10. Newspapers and magazines11. Recordings, radio and television12. Writing air and ground
Group Representations13. Delegations14. Satirical Awards15. Lobbying16. Riding picket guards17. Elections satirical
Symbolic Public Acts18. Display of flags and symbolic colors (Republican flag in Spain)19. Using symbols on clothing (voluntary use yellow Jewish stars during World War II in solidarity)20. Prayers and rituals21. Cast symbolic objects (rats, garbage, etc..)22. Nude protest23. Destruction of own goods (tea in colonial America)24. Symbolic lights (candles, etc..)25. Exhibition of portraits26. Painted protest27. Using signs and new name (using the name "Poland" in 1942)28. Sounds symbolic29. Claims symbolic (planting seeds to reclaim territories)30. Rude gestures
Pressures on individuals31. "Chasing" the authorities32. Mocking the authorities33. Fraternization (win people with a friendly deliberate strategy)34. Vigils
Dramatic and musical35. Jokes and skits36. Theatrical and musical37. Sing
Processions38. Marches39. Parade (organized marches in protest)40. Religious processions41. Pilgrimages (Gandhi 1947)42. Parades motorized
Tributes to deceased43. Political Mourning44. Funeral satirical (eg., Of "Freedom")45. Demonstrations in funerals46. Tributes in the burial
Public meetings47. Assemblies of protest or support48. Meetings of protest49. Camouflaged meetings of protest ("Banquet" politicians in Russia, 1904-1905)50. Seminars
Withdrawals and Waivers51. Leave Meeting52. Keep quiet53. Waiver honors54. Roll Over
METHODS OF SOCIAL Disobedience
Exclusion of persons55. Social boycott56. Selective social boycott57. Lysistrata-style inactivity (in "Lysistrata" by Aristophanes, the women vowed not to have sex with their husbands until they do not put an end to the war)58. Excommunication59. Religious Injunction (excommunication applies to an area or district)
No collaboration on events, traditions and institutions60. Suspension of social and sports events61. Boycott of social affairs62. Student Strike63. Social Disobedience (fraternization with the outcasts in India)64. Withdrawal from social institutions
Removing the social system65. Stay at home66. Disobedience total staff67. "Flight" of workers68. Providing asylum with religious69. Collective Disappearance70. Emigration of protest (Hijrat)
METHODS OF ECONOMIC Disobedience: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
Shares by consumers71. Consumer Boycott72. Refusing to consume products boycotted73. Austerity Policy74. Non-payment of rent75. Refuse to rent76. National consumer boycott77. International consumer boycott
Actions by workers and producersAugust. Workers Boycott79. Boycott producers
Actions by intermediaries80. Boycott of suppliers and distributors
Shares by owners and managers81. Boycott of intermediaries82. Refuse to rent or to sell properties83. Lockout84. Rejection of sectoral aid85. "General strike" traders
Shares by financial owners86. Withdrawal of bank deposits87. Refusal to pay fees, bills and payments on assessments88. Refusal to pay debts or interest89. Withdrawal of funds and credit90. Tax rejection91. Rejection of money from government
Actions by governments92. Embargo within the country93. Intermediaries blacklists94. Garnishment vendors to other countries95. Garnishment buyers Sites96. International trade embargo
METHODS OF ECONOMIC Disobedience: STRIKE
Strikes symbolic97. Protest strike98. Strike without warning (lightning strike)
Agricultural Strikes99. Peasants Strike100. Agricultural workers strike
Strikes by special groups101. Rejection of forced labor102. Strikes prisoners103. Strikes trades (eg., Seamstresses)104. Strikes professionals (employees or self-employed)
Normal sector strikes105. Strike in the workplace106. Sector Strike107. Sympathy strikes (banned during the regime of M. Thatcher)
Strikes restricted108. Needless to detail (stop working or leave one at a time)109. Strike "bumpers" (each time in a different company)110. Slow Labor Strike111. Work to rule112. Sick Strike113. Strike by resignation114. Needless limited (eg., Refuse to work beyond eight hours per day)115. Selective strike
Strikes multisectoral116. Generalized strike (without actually participating most economic sectors)117. General Strike
Combinations economic strike and lock118. Hartal (suspension of economic activity in political protest, India)119. Economic stagnation (worldwide)
METHODS OF POLICY Disobedience
Rejection of authority120. Interruption or withdrawal of support121. Refusing to show public support122. Books and speeches in favor of the resistance
Disobedience to the government citizen123. Boycott of legislative bodies124. Boycott of elections125. Boycott of public offices and positions126. Boycott of departments, agencies and other government agencies127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions128. Boycott of government-supported organizations129. Refusing to cooperate with law enforcement130. Removal of own signs and badges131. Rejection of appointments132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
Alternatives to obedience citizen133. And reluctant to abide by the rules (eg., Taxes)134. Disobedience when no direct supervision135. Popular Disobedience136. Disobedience camouflaged137. Refusing to dissolve an assembly or meeting138. Sitting139. No work in recruitment and deportations140. Hiding, escape and false identities using141. Civil disobedience of laws "illegal" (eg., To pay the salt tax in colonial India)
Actions by governments142. Refusing to provide government aid selectively143. Blocking of lines of command and information144. Obstruction and obstruction (scientists involved in nuclear research in Nazi Germany)145. No general administrative collaboration146. No judicial cooperation147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement officers148. Military Survey
Government actions at national149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays150. No cooperation from some government departments
Government actions internationally151. Change embassies and other152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic meetings153. Withdrawal of diplomatic recognition154. Severance of diplomatic155. Withdrawal from international organizations156. Refusing to belong to international organizations157. Expulsion from international organizations (the League of Nations USSR expelled after attacking Finland in 1939)
NON-VIOLENT INTERVENTION METHODS
Psychological intervention158. Auto-exposure to the elements159. Fasting:
a) Fast of moral pressure (San Patricio for better treatment of slaves)b) Hunger strike (even reaching death)c) Fasting Satyagrah (Gandhi, reach self-consciousness through sacrifice)
160. Judgment reversed (the defenders demand accountability from prosecutors and law)161. Harassment nonviolent
Physical intervention162. Occupation with sitting163. Occupation standing164. Log in public transport165. Enter the water (for example, on a beach)166. Turning Group167. Occupation praying168. Nonviolent Raid169. Air raids nonviolent (eg., Dropping leaflets)170. Nonviolent Invasion171. Nonviolent interposition (with the body)172. Nonviolent obstruction (using the body as a physical barrier)173. Nonviolent Occupation
Social intervention
174. Establishing new social patterns (social mix bypassing barriers)175. Overhead installations176. Slowing legal business177. Enter a talking178. Representation guerilla theater179. Alternative Social Institutions180. Alternative communication system (eg., Alternative newspapers)
Economic Intervention181. Needless reverse (go to work)182. Confinement in the workplace183. Land ownership nonviolent184. Destruction of locks (Berlin during the Cold War)185. Forgery for political186. Buy resources to prevent others from accessing them187. Seizure of goods188. Dumping (deliberately selling below cost price)189. Selective purchasing190. Alternative markets191. Alternative Transport192. Alternative economic institutions
Political intervention193. Overloading of administrative systems (over-compliance with the law by citizens protesting U.S. intervention in Vietnam)194. Disclosure of the identity of undercover agents195. Active search imprisonment196. Civil disobedience of laws "neutral"197. Work without collaboration198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government (Ireland, 1919)
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